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        <title>Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies</title>
        <link>http://12iccs.proceedings.gr</link>
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        <description>The 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies was held in Heraklion from 21 to 25 September 2016 and organised by the Society of Cretan Historical Studies. The Congress was divided into three parallel sections corresponding to Antiquity, the Medieval period and the Modern period, along the thematic axis of "mobility" of people, ideas, and goods, to, from and within the island of Crete. A total of 319 original presentations were made by Greek and foreign scholars specialising in a variety of disciplines.</description>
        <image>
            <description>12 ICCS Proceedings Logo</description>
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            <link>http://12iccs.proceedings.gr</link>
            <title>Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies</title>
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            <width>144</width>
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        <language>en</language>
        <pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2026 14:57:05 +0000</pubDate>
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                    <item>
                <title>
                    Defining the “majority” in the General Assembly of Cretans  between 1878 and 1889: The transition from religious  towards political disputes | 
                                            Ανδρέας Καλοκαιρινός                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/989</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 13:37:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/989</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
This paper examines the question of politicization in Crete during the late Ottoman period, specifically between the years 1878 and 1889. By focusing on the minutes of the General Assembly, I argue that although the terms “majority” and “minority” as used by the representatives of the time initially referred to religious groups, they gradually acquired a purely political content. This transition was part of the emergence of a local political scene on the island within which party politics played a dominant role.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Déplacements de populations en Crète ancienne | 
                                            Gerard Capdeville                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/1016</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 13:06:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/1016</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Divided in numerous States with area and population inevitably reduced, Crete has experienced all possible forms of mobility, from and towards the exterior of the island, as well as between its own cities, in groups more or less important, as well as by individuals or families. Here it will be dealt only on mass movements.

As first perceptible examples can be considered the undertakings of colonisation by continental Greeks, which result in foundation of cities, like Polyrrhenia or Lyttos. Later there are the moving of groups, which leave a city to settle elsewhere in the island, like these people from Itanos, that appear in Lyttos, or these citizens of Hierapytna, settled probably close to the Cretan Arcadians, who want to maintain ties with their metropolis with a treaty, or also these inhabitants of Lato, who descend to the sea and found in Kamara a port installation with its own governing body, but conserve their original nationality. 
These internal moving have probably inspired Plato to imagine the common founding by all the Cretan States of the ideal city of the Magnetes in Crete, whereas for the real Magnesia on the Meander was invented the fiction of a colonization made by the Cretan Koinon. 
The frequent wars between these small States, cramped for space in their territories, should have caused forced moving of population, in particular when the defeated city was destroyed by its adversary. Especially documented is the deportation after the conquest and destruction of Lyttos by Cnossos (219 BC): if women and children were in a first time led in the victorious city, the surviving population was afterwards generously received by the city of Lappa, and the men continued, by the side of their guests, the war against Cnossos; however Lyttos righted itself, since it was very active as late as in the third century AD. 

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Σωστική ανασκαφική έρευνα κτηρίου της πρώτης βυζαντινής περιόδου στο Πάνορμο Ρεθύμνου: Παρουσίαση της κεραμικής | 
                                            Αθηνά  Φραϊδάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/986</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 10:15:49 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/986</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

RESCUE EXCAVATION OF A HOUSE OF THE EARLY BYZANTINE PERIOD IN THE SEASIDE SETTLEMENT OF PANORMOS, RETHYMNON: A FIRST APPROACH TO ITS POTTERY FINDS.
The rescue excavation, carried out in 2008-2009 by the 28th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities on C. Eukarpidis’ property, is situated in the seaside settlement of Panormos, Rethymnon, and has brought to light the lower parts of walls and the courtyard of a building.
The excavated site must have been quite a large rural house, dated from the 6th to the end of the 7th c. A.D. A sizeable courtyard partly surrounded the site on the north and part of the east and south sides. The south side of the courtyard was constructed at a later date, probably after the site was abandoned. Its floor was covered with rectangular flagstones. 
The preliminary study of the pottery excavated in the destruction layer is presented here. The pottery studied to date is classified into two categories: fine wares (African red slip wares and Phocean wares) and common wares, subdivided into storage, cooking and transportation wares (amphorae, basins, cups, cooking pots). According to the studied pottery and some copper coins of the reign of Constans II (641-668 AD), the site must have been abandoned by the end of the 7th c., probably during the Arab raids.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Εισαγωγική ομιλία. ΙΒ&#039; Διεθνές Κρητολογικό Συνέδριο. | 
                                            Γρήγορης Μ. Σηφάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/976</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 13 Dec 2019 09:42:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/976</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Η εισαγωγική ομιλία του ΙΒ&#039; Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου αποτυπώνει συνοπτικά τα αποτελέσματα της συνεργασίας των Ανδρέα Γ. Καλοκαιρινού, Νικόλαου Πλάτωνα και του Μενέλαου Παρλαμά, οι οποίοι συνέβαλαν καθοριστικά στην πολιτισμική αναγέννηση του Ηρακλείου κατά τα μεταπολεμικά χρόνια. 
Επί των ημερών τους άρχισε η έκδοση των Κρητικών Χρονικών, ιδρύθηκε η Ε.Κ.Ι.Μ. και το Ιστορικό Μουσείο και, τέλος, καθιερώθηκε ο θεσμός των Διεθνών Κρητολογικών Συνεδρίων. Όλα τα παραπάνω διαμόρφωσαν το πλαίσιο για την «προαγωγή των κρητικών ιστορικών και λαογραφικών σπουδών από των πρώτων χριστιανικών χρόνων και εντεύθεν» και συνεισφέρουν στην ίδια κατεύθυνση μέχρι σήμερα. 

[Κρητικά Χρονικά, τ. ΛΖ&#039; (2017), Ηράκλειο, Εταιρία Κρητικών Ιστορικών Μελετών, σσ. 13-20]

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Μινωικές μετακινήσεις: «δὶς ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν ποταμὸν οὐκ ἂν ἐμβαίης» [Ολομέλεια Α&#039; Τμήματος - Προϊστορική και Αρχαία Ελληνική Περίοδος] | 
                                            Gerald  Cadogan                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/974</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 13 Dec 2019 09:32:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/974</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Με οδηγό τη γνωστή διατύπωση −και το φιλοσοφικό αστείο− του Ηρακλείτου ‘δὶς ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν ποταμὸν οὐκ ἂν ἐμβαίης’, η εργασία αυτή επιχειρεί να εξετάσει τις νοητικές μετακινήσεις και τις αλλαγές που σχετίζονται με την κατανόηση των λεγόμενων Μινωιτών της Εποχής του Χαλκού, και με τις ερμηνείες που άπτονται του πολιτισμού τους, από τους πρωτοπόρους Μίνωα Καλοκαιρινό και Arthur Evans έως σήμερα. Υπογραμμίζοντας ότι οι πραγματικές ρίζες της επιστήμης μας βρίσκονται στη μελέτη της καθημερινότητας των ανθρώπων του παρελθόντος.

Δεν μπορούμε να κάνουμε αλλιώς. Αφού, τα μοναδικά τεκμήρια που διαθέτει η κρητική αρχαιολογία αφορούν τον υλικό πολιτισμό των αρχαίων κατοίκων του νησιού αυτού − όσο και αν σήμερα φαίνεται ότι συχνά το ξεχνάμε όταν τους φορτώνουμε με σύγχρονες αφηρημένες ερμηνείες των δικών τους δράσεων σε βαθμό που να μην διακρίνουμε την πραγματική ουσία της ζωής τους. Καλύπτουμε, συγχρόνως, με βαρύγδουπες και περισπούδαστες λέξεις ή/και νέες εξαντλητικές αναλυτικές μεθόδους τη βαθιά αλήθεια ότι ουσιαστικά δεν γνωρίζουμε παρά ελάχιστα για τις κοινωνικές, πολιτικές, θρησκευτικές, ψυχολογικές και εντέλει προσωπικές τους συνάφειες. Με αποτέλεσμα, οι «σημαντικοί» ισχυρισμοί μας να αποκαλύπτουν κάθε φορά περισσότερα για εμάς τους ίδιους παρά για εκείνους.

Σε ένα τέτοιο επιστημολογικό πλαίσιο, εξαιρετικά βοηθητική παραμένει η εθνοαρχαιολογική προσέγγιση. Από τον Στέφανο Ξανθουδίδη έως σήμερα, η προσέγγιση αυτή μας υπενθυμίζει, με σεμνότητα, τα περιβόλια, τα βοσκοτόπια στις μαδάρες, τη θάλασσα, τα άφθονα μονοπάτια και τα άλλα πλεονεκτήματα της Κρήτης που θα αποτέλεσαν τον πυρήνα και μαζί το σταθερό σκηνικό βάθος της θαυμάσιας άνθησης του Μινωικού πολιτισμού.

[Κρητικά Χρονικά, τ. ΛΖ&#039; (2017), Ηράκλειο, Εταιρία Κρητικών Ιστορικών Μελετών, σσ. 23-34]
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Νυκτοπερπατήματα. Διαχρονική επισκόπηση των νυκτερινών μετακινήσεων στην Κρήτη​​ [Ολομέλεια Α&#039; Τμήματος - Προϊστορική και Αρχαία Ελληνική Περίοδος]​ | 
                                            Άγγελος  Χανιώτης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/971</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 13 Dec 2019 08:17:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/971</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Συνήθως αντιλαμβανόμαστε τη μετακίνηση −πραγματική, συμβολική ή μεταφορική, ειρηνική ή εχθρική, θρησκευτική ή κοσμική− ως μετακίνηση που πραγματοποιείται την ημέρα. Αλλά ποικιλότροπες μετακινήσεις γέμιζαν και γεμίζουν με ζωή την Κρήτη ανάμεσα στο σούρουπο και το χάραμα, μετακινήσεις της νυκτόβιας πανίδας της αλλά και μετακινήσεις ανθρώπων, τελετουργικά επαναλαμβανόμενες ή έκτακτες, μακρές ή σύντομες, ειρηνικές ή βίαιες, ακούσιες ή εκούσιες. Η εισήγηση αυτή συνδέει το κεντρικό θέμα του συνεδρίου με το παραγνωρισμένο θέμα της ιστορίας της νύκτας. Ενώ η πρόσληψη της νύκτας και η χρήση της ως λογοτεχνικού μοτίβου παραμένει διαχρονικά σταθερή, συνδέοντας τη νύκτα με τον φόβο, τον ερωτισμό, τον θάνατο και την επικοινωνία με υπερφυσικές δυνάμεις, η πραγματικότητα της νύκτας διαρκώς μεταβάλλεται, αντανακλώντας αλλαγές στην κοινωνία, τη θρησκεία και τον πολιτισμό. Στην εισήγηση αυτή εξετάζεται η ιστορικότητα της νύκτας και της μετακίνησης μέσα από μια επισκόπηση των ποικίλων νυκτερινών μετακινήσεων από τη μινωική εποχή ως τον 20ό αιώνα.

Νυκτερινές μετακινήσεις σχετίζονται με τη θρησκεία, π.χ. με νυκτερινές πομπές στην αρχαιότητα, νυκτερινούς χορούς στα ορεινά δάση και νυκτερινές λιτανείες στη βενετοκρατούμενη Κρήτη. Η γεωγραφική θέση της Κρήτης επιβάλλει τη νυκτερινή ναυσιπλοΐα στις ανοικτές θάλασσες, χωρίς την οποία είναι αδιανόητες οι ανταλλαγές ανάμεσα στην Κρήτη, την Κύπρο και την Αίγυπτο. Κάτω από ιδιαίτερες ιστορικές συνθήκες συνήθης μορφή νυκτερινής ναυσιπλοΐας είναι η πειρατική επιδρομή. Καθώς το σκοτάδι της νύκτας παρέχει κάλυψη για αιφνίδιες επιθέσεις, νυκτερινές μετακινήσεις πολεμικού χαρακτήρα είναι μεν αναμενόμενες, μαρτυρούνται όμως κυρίως σε εποχές που οι Κρήτες φημίζονταν για νυκτερινές επιδρομές, όπως στην ελληνιστική εποχή, κατά την κατάκτηση της Κρήτης από τους Οθωμανούς, στο αντάρτικο της Κατοχής. Νυκτερινές περιπολίες σε αστικές περιοχές είναι μια ακόμα μορφή νυκτερινής μετακίνησης που εμφανίζεται σε κάποιες ιστορικές συγκυρίες, ως αντίδραση των βενετικών και οθωμανικών αρχών σε απειλές.

Τη στενή σχέση της νύκτας με κοινωνικές και πολιτιστικές συνθήκες δείχνουν κυρίως πρακτικές όπως οι απαγωγές εφήβων στην αρχαία Κρήτη, η ζωοκλοπή και το κλέψιμο της νύφης και ορισμένες μορφές κινητικής νυκτερινής διασκέδασης κατά τη Βενετοκρατία. Τέλος, πολιτιστικοί παράγοντες καθορίζουν ιδιαίτερες μορφές νυκτερινών μετακινήσεων, όπως η νυκτερινή μετακίνηση προς το νεκροταφείο για μαγικές πρακτικές, το προσκύνημα μετά τη δύση του ήλιου, η πρόσληψη των ονείρων ως νυκτερινών επισκεπτών. Από τη σύνδεση των δύο θεμάτων, νύκτας και μετακίνησης, διακρίνονται κάποιες συνέχειες που σχετίζονται με την ιδιαιτερότητα της νύκτας ως χρονοτόπου, κυρίως όμως αναδεικνύονται ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά επιμέρους περιόδων της κρητικής ιστορίας και του πολιτισμού.

[Κρητικά Χρονικά, τ. ΛΖ&#039; (2017), Ηράκλειο, Εταιρία Κρητικών Ιστορικών Μελετών, σσ. 35-60]
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Μετακινήσεις και δίκτυα επικοινωνιών στο εσωτερικό της Κρήτης κατά τη Βενετική Περίοδο​​​ | 
                                            Γεσθημανή  Καλογιαννάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/968</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 12 Dec 2019 13:39:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/968</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
In the framework of the 12th Cretological Congress, with the concept of transportation as a general topic, one research question that could emerge is the movement of people from one place to another in order to find work. Thus, the aim of this paper is the presentation of transportation issues in Venetian Crete during the 16th and 17th centuries in terms of movement for professional purposes to a new workplace, as they are referred to in the archival data, namely the various notarial acts. Methodologically, we research work contracts in both published and unpublished notarial acts among the numerous Cretan notaries. Therefore, we will investigate any available references on the transportation of people in Crete through these contracts, either domestic or overseas. Furthermore, we will try to reveal the patterns and networks of these movements.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Τόσο κοντά και τόσο μακριά. Κρήτη και Βενετία 1211-1669: Η μαρτυρία των υλικών τεκμηρίων [Ολομέλεια Β&#039; Τμήματος - Βυζαντινή και Μεσαιωνική Περίοδος] | 
                                            Όλγα  Γκράτζιου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/965</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 12 Dec 2019 12:42:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/965</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Η Βενετία έκανε ένα τολμηρό πολιτικό εγχείρημα όταν, κατά τον διαμελισμό της Βυζαντινής αυτοκρατορίας από την Τέταρτη Σταυροφορία, απέκτησε την Κρήτη: αντί να εγκαταστήσει έναν ακόμη εμπορικό σταθμό και βάση ανεφοδιασμού για τα πλοία της, επεδίωξε να υποκαταστήσει με το νησί αυτό της ανατολικής Μεσογείου την ενδοχώρα που της έλειπε, προοιωνίζοντας τελικά τις μελλοντικές ευρωπαϊκές αποικίες. Έκτοτε και ως το τέλος του Κρητικού Πολέμου η επικοινωνία μητρόπολης και αποικίας ήταν συνεχής και πολυεπίπεδη. Η γραφειοκρατία της διοίκησης διατήρησε μεγάλο όγκο ντοκουμέντων παρέχοντας στους ιστορικούς πλούσιο υλικό για να διευκρινίζουν πτυχές των επιπτώσεων αυτής της μακραίωνης σχέσης, της οποίας μεγάλο κεφάλαιο αποτελούν οι εκφάνσεις του πολιτισμού που αναπτύχθηκε στην Κρήτη κατά τους αιώνες της Βενετικής κυριαρχίας. Πολλές πλευρές αυτού του πολιτισμού έχουν ήδη μελετηθεί και τα Κρητολογικά Συνέδρια έχουν υπάρξει προνομιακό βήμα για την παρουσίαση σχετικών ερευνών.

Τα υλικά κατάλοιπα αυτής της εποχής, καλλιτεχνικά και μη, είναι χειροπιαστά, στην κυριολεξία, τεκμήρια που φανερώνουν εύγλωττα όψεις του υλικού πολιτισμού της Κρήτης και έμμεσα μαρτυρούν τις πολυδιάστατες σχέσεις της με τη Βενετία. Κατά τη μελέτη τους, εδώ και δεκαετίες, έχουν αναζητηθεί επιδράσεις και αλληλεξαρτήσεις, εμμονές στις οικείες παραδόσεις και, με αφορμή τη συζήτηση περί ταυτοτήτων, έχουν ερευνηθεί οικειοποιήσεις της γλώσσας του Άλλου και όψεις της διάδρασης των πολιτισμών της Βενετίας και της Κρήτης που, παρά την προσέγγιση, έμειναν διακριτοί και διαφορετικοί.

Το ερευνητικό πρόγραμμα «Η Δυτική Τέχνη στη Βενετική Κρήτη» που διεξήγαγε για πολλά χρόνια στο Ινστιτούτο Μεσογειακών Σπουδών με ομάδα συνεργατών είχε ως στόχο να μελετήσει το πόσο αποφασιστική ήταν η Βενετική κυριαρχία στη διαμόρφωση των εικαστικών τεχνών και της αρχιτεκτονικής της Κρήτης τους αιώνες αυτούς, έριξε όμως ιδιαίτερο βάρος στη γλυπτική. Θα παρουσιάσω μερικά από τα τεκμήρια που μελετήθηκαν∙ θα προσπαθήσω να τα εξετάσω υπό το πρίσμα των «Μετακινήσεων», της κινητικότητας ανθρώπων και ιδεών ανάμεσα στην κυρίαρχη μητρόπολη και την υποτελή της μακρινή επαρχία. Το αποτύπωμα της επικοινωνίας ανάμεσα στις δυο πλευρές είναι ορατό σε πλήθος αντικείμενα. Η προσπάθεια, ωστόσο, να αναζητήσουμε τη συμβολή της κάθε πλευράς στη δημιουργία τους γεννάει αμφιβολίες για το αν τα μέρη ήταν μόνο δύο, και μάλιστα συνδεόμενα με άνισες σχέσεις, ή αν υπήρχαν και άλλοι παράγοντες που συνέβαλαν στα φαινόμενα που εντοπίζουμε. Το υλικό τελικά μας οδηγεί να θέσουμε το ερώτημα πόσο κοντά βρισκόταν Κρήτη και Βενετία ή και πόσο μακριά! Συχνά τα ίδια δίνουν και την απάντηση.

[Κρητικά Χρονικά, τ. ΛΖ&#039; (2017), Ηράκλειο, Εταιρία Κρητικών Ιστορικών Μελετών, σσ. 63-92]
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Αμφίδρομες πολιτισμικές μεταφορές στην Κρήτη της Αναγέννησης [Ολομέλεια Β&#039; Τμήματος - Βυζαντινή και Μεσαιωνική Περίοδος] | 
                                            Στέφανος  Κακλαμάνης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/962</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 12 Dec 2019 11:47:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/962</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Στην ομιλία αυτή παρουσιάζονται μερικές χαρακτηριστικές εκδηλώσεις της πνευματικής ζωής στην Κρήτη στα χρόνια της Αναγέννησης σε συνάρτηση με το ιταλικό-ευρωπαϊκό σύνολο. Μετακινήσεις ανθρώπων και μεταφορές πολιτισμικών αγαθών προς και από την Κρήτη, περισσότερο ή λιγότερο οργανωμένες συστηματικά, εξεταζόμενες υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής-πολιτισμικής γεωγραφίας, μας επιτρέπουν να παρακολουθήσουμε την εξέλιξη και τη σταδιακή ωρίμανση της κρητικής κοινωνίας, η οποία κατάφερε όχι μόνο να υπερβεί τις εσωτερικές της αντιφάσεις και τις πρωτογενείς εθνοτικές της διαφορές, αλλά και να ανανεώσει το κοινωνικό και πολιτισμικό της κεφάλαιο και να κατασκευάσει τη δική της διακριτή ταυτότητα. Βασικοί παράγοντες για τη μετεξέλιξη αυτή αποδείχθηκαν στην Ιταλία το Πανεπιστήμιο της Πάδοβας και το Ελληνικό Κολλέγιο της Ρώμης, όπου σπούδαζαν τα τέκνα των βενετοκρητικών ευγενών και των εύπορων αστών πλάι σε νέους που έφθαναν εκεί από ολόκληρη την Ευρώπη, και στην Κρήτη η ίδρυση και η λειτουργία ακαδημιών, κατά το πρότυπο των ιταλικών, από την τοπική πνευματική ελίτ, στις οποίες συμμετείχαν ενεργά και επώνυμοι Ιταλοί λόγιοι και ποιητές που παρεπιδημούσαν στο νησί ως στελέχη της Διοίκησης και ως αξιωματικοί του στρατού. Παράλληλα, το «ταξίδι των κειμένων», η πλατιά κυκλοφορία του έντυπου δυτικού βιβλίου στις τάξεις του αστικού πληθυσμού και η συγκρότηση ιδιωτικών βιβλιοθηκών διευκόλυναν την επικοινωνία και τον συγκρητισμό και κράτησαν ανοιχτούς τους διαύλους επαφής με τα ευρωπαϊκά πολιτισμικά δρώμενα. Στη διάπλαση αυτού του κοσμοπολίτικου και πολυγλωσσικού πεδίου σημαντική αποδείχθηκε ακόμη η παρουσία του μισθοφορικού στρατού, των μοναχών των καθολικών ταγμάτων, και φυσικά των κατ᾽ επάγγελμα ταξιδιωτών, των ναυτικών και των εμπορικών αντιπροσώπων, που ρύθμιζαν το εισαγωγικό και εξαγωγικό εμπόριο της Κρήτης με τον υπόλοιπο κόσμο. Οι αναβαθμοί εξέλιξης, οι τροπισμοί και οι ιδεολογικοί προσανατολισμοί της βενετοκρητικής κοινωνίας θα χαρτογραφηθούν μέσα από την καλλιέργεια των γραμμάτων τον 16ο και 17ο αιώνα, με προνομιακά πεδία έκφρασης και δράσης την ελληνόγλωσση και ιταλόγλωσση λογοτεχνική παραγωγή και τη συγγραφή ιστορικών έργων, και μέσα από νεωτερικές πρωτοβουλίες όπως η επαναφορά-επαναπατρισμός, η επανεγγραφή και η επανερμηνεία μύθων, συμβόλων και παραδόσεων του απώτερου παρελθόντος της Κρήτης στα πολιτισμικά δρώμενα της ίδιας εποχής.
[Κρητικά Χρονικά, τ. ΛΖ&#039; (2017), Ηράκλειο, Εταιρία Κρητικών Ιστορικών Μελετών, σσ. 93-160]
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Οι πρώτοι δύο αιώνες οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας στην Κρήτη (1645-1821): νέες πηγές και ερμηνευτικές προσεγγίσεις [Ολομέλεια Γ&#039; Τμήματος - Νεότερη Περίοδος] | 
                                            Αντώνης  Αναστασόπουλος,                                             Ηλίας  Κολοβός,                                             Μαρίνος  Σαρηγιάννης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/959</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 12 Dec 2019 10:46:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/959</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Κατά την τελευταία εικοσαετία έχει παραχθεί στην Ελλάδα και διεθνώς σημαντικό επιστημονικό έργο σχετικά με τους πρώτους δύο αιώνες της οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας στην Κρήτη. Αναφέρουμε ενδεικτικά το βιβλίο της Molly Greene για την περίοδο μέχρι το 1720, τη συστηματική έκδοση περιλήψεων των καταχωρίσεων των οθωμανικών ιεροδικαστικών κωδίκων που φυλάσσονται στη Βικελαία Δημοτική Βιβλιοθήκη Ηρακλείου, σε επιμέλεια της Ελισάβετ Ζαχαριάδου, και τον συλλογικό τόμο με θέμα την Κρήτη και την ανατολική Μεσόγειο, 1645-1840, προϊόν διεθνούς συμποσίου που διοργάνωσε το Ινστιτούτο Μεσογειακών Σπουδών/Ι.Τ.Ε. Επιπλέον, οι παλαιότερες μεταφράσεις των οθωμανικών ιεροδικαστικών κωδίκων από τον αείμνηστο Νικόλαο Σταυρινίδη έχουν αξιοποιηθεί στη συγγραφή ενός αξιόλογου αριθμού συνθετικών μελετών. Αυτό το αυξημένο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον έχει επίσης ως αποτέλεσμα να έρθει στο φως πλήθος νέων οθωμανικών πηγών: φορολογικά απογραφικά κατάστιχα και άλλες πηγές που απόκεινται στο Οθωμανικό Αρχείο της Πρωθυπουργίας στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και άλλα τουρκικά αρχεία, μουσουλμανικές επιτύμβιες στήλες και άλλο επιγραφικό υλικό από τις πόλεις και την ύπαιθρο του νησιού, αλλά και οθωμανικά ιστοριογραφικά και λογοτεχνικά κείμενα.

Στην ομιλία μας, θα αναλύσουμε κριτικά τα νέα σημαντικά πορίσματα της έρευνας για την Κρήτη της οθωμανικής περιόδου, επισημαίνοντας την ανάγκη η περίοδος αυτή της κρητικής ιστορίας να ερμηνεύεται στο πλαίσιο των θεσμών που επέβαλε στο νησί η ένταξή του στην Οθωμανική αυτοκρατορία, καθώς και την ανάγκη να υπερβούμε με νηφάλιο τρόπο και σεβασμό στις αρχές της επιστημονικής έρευνας τις προκαταλήψεις αναχρονιστικών ερμηνευτικών σχημάτων που καθιερώθηκαν κατά την ταραγμένη περίοδο του β&#039; μισού του 19ου αιώνα και των πρώτων δεκαετιών του 20ού αιώνα και αντανακλούν εν πολλοίς τις αντιλήψεις και τις εντάσεις εκείνης της εποχής.

Στόχος μας είναι επίσης να παρουσιάσουμε τις προοπτικές και τα ζητούμενα της επιστημονικής έρευνας για την Κρήτη της περιόδου 1645-1821. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, θα τονίσουμε τη χρησιμότητα νέων τεχνολογιών, όπως τα συστήματα γεωγραφικών πληροφοριών (GIS), στην επεξεργασία και απεικόνιση με καινοτόμο τρόπο των πληροφοριών που μας δίνουν οι ιστορικές πηγές, χρησιμοποιώντας ως παράδειγμα τη βάση δεδομένων Ψηφιακή Κρήτη του Ινστιτούτου Μεσογειακών Σπουδών/Ι.Τ.Ε., αλλά και άλλα σχετικά εγχειρήματα.

Τέλος, στην ομιλία μας θα επισημάνουμε πως η εξέταση της ιστορίας της Κρήτης της περιόδου 1645-1821 με βάση τις μεθόδους, τα εργαλεία και τη θεωρητική σκευή της οθωμανολογικής έρευνας συνεπάγεται ωφέλεια όχι μόνο για τις κρητολογικές, αλλά και για τις οθωμανολογικές σπουδές, καθώς τις εμπλουτίζει με την περίπτωση μιας μεγάλης νησιωτικής επαρχίας με μικτό πληθυσμό για την οποία σώζεται πληθώρα πηγών (αρχειακών, επιγραφικών, αφηγηματικών, αρχαιολογικών), η διασταύρωση των οποίων είναι εξαιρετικά γόνιμη.

[Κρητικά Χρονικά, τ. ΛΖ&#039; (2017), Ηράκλειο, Εταιρία Κρητικών Ιστορικών Μελετών, σσ. 163-193]
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Κίνηση και στατικότητα στην νεώτερη ιστορία της Κρήτης. Από τους ανθρώπους στις ιδέες [Ολομέλεια Γ&#039; Τμήματος - Νεότερη Περίοδος] | 
                                            Πασχάλης Κιτρομηλίδης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/954</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2019 13:52:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/274/954</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Η παρουσίαση θέτει κυρίως ερωτήματα και διατυπώνει υποθέσεις με σκοπό να προκαλέσει προβληματισμούς αναφορικά με τις τάσεις και τη δυναμική της ιστορικής αλλαγής στην Κρήτη της νεωτερικότητας. Διατυπώνονται αρχικά ορισμένοι προβληματισμοί σε σχέση με τη συμβατική περιοδολόγηση της Κρητικής ιστορίας. Τίθενται στη συνέχεια ερωτήματα σε σχέση με τις μορφές κινητικότητας πληθυσμών στην ιστορία της νεότερης Κρήτης από το 1669 έως το 1923. Επιχειρείται τέλος να ανιχνευθεί η διαλεκτική κινητικότητας και στατικότητας στο επίπεδο των ιδεών: η απουσία του Διαφωτισμού, το ιδεολογικό κλίμα της εποχής των Επαναστάσεων, η μεταγραφή της ιστορικής εμπειρίας στη σκέψη των σημαντικών Κρητικών στοχαστών της σύγχρονης εποχής.
[Κρητικά Χρονικά, τ. ΛΖ&#039; (2017), Ηράκλειο, Εταιρία Κρητικών Ιστορικών Μελετών, σσ. 195-215]
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    «Φρούριο Κρήτη» και Ελληνική Πολιτεία: Θεσμικές μεταβολές στην Κρήτη της Νέας Ευρώπης (1941-1945) | 
                                            Γιάννης Σκαλιδάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/939</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 06 Dec 2019 12:21:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/939</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
In this paper, I examine the institutional changes in the island of Crete during the German Occupation (1941-1945). The local institutions were loosely connected with the rest of the Greek administration but tightly connected with the German military command on the island. The turn of the war in the Mediterranean set new duties to the local administrative staff, such as the economic exploitation of the local population and their alignment with the Nazi visions for a New Europe. These new duties disrupted the prewar hierarchies as collaborationists ook the opportunity to upgrade their position. This paper will examine the changes on the institutional level and in the daily life of the local administration during the Occupation. Through this examination, new questions arise concerning the economic and political reality of wartime Crete. This paper is a part of an extended study on the Occupation in Crete. 

                ]]></description>
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                    <item>
                <title>
                    Aegyptiaca in Context: Amulets and magic in Pre- and Protopalatial southern Crete | 
                                            Pietro  Militello,                                             Filippo  Carinci                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/935</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 2019 14:57:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/935</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
As a contribution to the discussion of the value of magic in Minoan religious culture, this paper offers some reflections on the possible Egyptian influences, paying particular attention to three clay figurines from southern Crete (Phaistos and Kommos) of the Old Palace period. These objects can be connected to a local perception of the complex Egyptian religious heritage that was elaborated at a popular level with aspects linked to magical and healing practices and reflect a peculiar attitude of this period that subsequently failed. 
                ]]></description>
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                    <item>
                <title>
                    ​Früheisenzeitliche Metallfunde der Siderospilia-Nekropole von Prinias ‒ Lokale Typen und Importe ‒ | 
                                            Hartmut  Matthäus                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/930</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 2019 13:10:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/930</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The article presents preliminary results of a project in progress, the study and publication of the metal finds (bronze and iron) in the Early Iron Age tombs of the Siderospilia Cemetery at Prinias (approximately 600 tombs dating from LM III C to the mid of the 6th century B.C.) in cooperation with the Italian mission working at Prinias under the directorship of Prof. Dario Palermo (University of Catania). In addition to local types ‒ spear-heads and daggers, tools of various types, fibulae and dress pins there is a large quantity of imported bronze vases from Cyprus (a Late Cypriot beak-spouted jug, various types of bronze bowls and larger basins), Egypt (lotus juglets as well as situlae) and the Levant (bronze bowls and cauldrons), especially in tombs dating from the Subminoan period to Protogeometric B (11th to 9th centuries B.C.). The imports may be compared to those from the North Cemetery of Knossos, the Orthi Petra necropolis at Eleutherna and the Idaean Cave of Zeus on Mount Ida. Beside the imports there are Cretan imitations and adaptations of foreign types, e.g. rod tripods of Cretan Early Iron Age date.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Oreficerie e oggetti di ornamento personale dalla necropoli di Priniàs. Osservazioni preliminari | 
                                            Rossella Gigli Patanè                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/927</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2019 11:10:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/927</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
JEWELLERY FROM THE NECROPOLIS OF PRINIAS. PRELIMINARY REMARKS
This paper deals with the preliminary study of the precious ornaments found in the tombs of the Necropolis of Siderospilia at Priniàs during the excavations conducted by the University of Catania. They mostly consist of small gold and silver artefacts – pendants, finger rings, earrings, plaques originally applied to clothes – and of rock crystal, faience, hard stone beads, most of them originally belonging to necklaces.
This group of precious items constitutes one of the most significant assemblages of materials of this type, larger than those found in the necropolis of Knossos and only inferior, as regards the amount, to those of Eleutherna.
The presence of gold items inside the cemetery can provide a great deal of information on the general status and wealth of the inhabitants of the site just at the beginning of the first millennium B.C., and can be symptomatic of overseas contacts, in particular with Cyprus. Already in the depositions of the first phase of the necropolis, gold is often associated with bronze objects. It is not unlikely that the very early examples have arrived in Priniàs from outside, following the flux of Eastern influences and imports that in this period seem to involve different aspects of the Cretan material culture.
                ]]></description>
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                    <item>
                <title>
                    ​A glimpse into the Knossian mortuary landscape: The Roman tombs at the Venizeleio Hospital, from the 2014 and 2015 excavation seasons | 
                                            Μαρία  Ρουσάκη,                                             Γιώργος Μπροκαλάκης,                                             Ιωάννα Τριανταφυλλίδου,                                             Ειρήνη Χρυσανθακοπούλου,                                             Δήμητρα Πυλαρινού                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/921</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 21 Oct 2019 12:15:46 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/921</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
This paper presents the results of the rescue excavations conducted within the area of the Venizeleio Hospital (north and northeast of the old, main hospital building), during the years 2014 and 2015, focusing on the Roman tombs dated from the second half of the 1st c. BC to the 3rd c. AD. It presents their architectural types and orientation, the main burial practices and the grave offerings. Characteristic cases of tombs and burials are also described, as well as distinctive grave offerings and other finds associated with the identity of the dead.

                ]]></description>
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                    <item>
                <title>
                    Κινητικότητα Kρητικών τεχνιτών και διάδοση τεχνογνωσίας στη διάρκεια της βενετικής περιόδου | 
                                            Aγγελική  Πανοπούλου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/913</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2019 10:00:20 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/913</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
MOBILITY OF CRETAN CRAFTSMEN AND DISSEMINATION OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE DURING THE VENETIAN PERIOD
Based on unpublished and published archival material, this paper examines the types of mobility of Cretan craftsmen, the causes of their dispersion and the geography of their movements during the Venetian period. It turns out that they were movements without distinguishing features among them, classified as: a) invitations of skilled workers to perform a specific project, b) migrations of labour force in regions offering stable and continuous employment, which have been influenced by external factors (wars, epidemics, economic crises) and c) movements of craftsmen, as individuals and / or in groups, within and outside the island, defined by the type of profession. It is also documented that any movement, whether permanent or temporary, of artisans contributed to the transfer of technical knowledge from Crete to their new workplace and place of residence. For this reason, the Venetian authorities tried to control the migration of skilled workers. In conclusion, geographical mobility affected their social mobility.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    ​Η ένταξη τεσσάρων Λουτρών στη βυζαντινή τοπογραφία του Χάνδακα | 
                                            Ζαχαρίας  Αλετράς                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/910</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2019 08:32:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/910</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
RESEARCHING THE POSITION OF FOUR BATHS WITHIN BYZANTINE’S CHANDAX TOPOGRAPHY
Studying the excavations of four baths in the centre of Heraclion revealed new evidence about the topography of byzantine Chandax. The basic idea consists in researching the correlation between these baths and landmarks of the city. Around the main square landmarks of secular and religious power are gathered during byzantine and venetian times. The vicinity of the landmarks of the city with the baths seems to be very important in everyday urban life. This paper aims as well to underline the factor of people’s circulation within the city and its impact to the baths. Circulation is seen especially throught the port to the main square “piazza” by the main street “Ruga Maistra”. 
Excavations within the city walls which have revealed buildings , founded on marl as well as baths, are presented in order to conceptualize the topography and the density of urban life. At first baths are hypothetically attributed to middle byzantine times as the majority of surrounding building complexes, founded on marl, are dated in arab and byzantine times. 
Parallel historical sources referring to topography and baths in Chandax have contributed to our research alongside with venetian maps and sketchings. Finally emerges an arab-byzantine city with a densely builted urban territory that continued a long bathing culture. 

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    ​Ιερό κορυφής Τραόσταλου Ζάκρου: Λατρευτικές πρακτικές και περίοδοι χρήσης | 
                                            Λεωνίδας  Βοκοτόπουλος                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/907</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2019 06:51:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/907</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
THE TRAOSTALOS PEAK SANCTUARY: RITUAL PRACTICES AND PERIODS OF USE
The preliminary study of the finds from the 1995 excavation at Traostalos aimed at determining the chronology of the site, as well as at a better understanding of the ritual activities around the rock on the summit. Find distribution indicates a tripartite arrangement of the core of the sanctuary: pilgrims gathered on the level area to the east. The epiphany of the deity was apparently anticipated at the rock outcrop to the west. The niche formed at its foot was conceived as an intermediate zone, where the offerings were deposited. These were placed on stone discs. The overlying layer of ash may now be dated to the Venetian period, when the site was used as a beacon. There is some evidence of the use of fire in Minoan times, but it is doubtful if this indicates the lighting of bonfires. The first use of the site dates to the Final Neolithic. According to the available evidence the peak sanctuary was established in MM IB-IIA, yet it only came into prominence at the transition from the Old to the New Palace period, its floruit dating to MM III - LM IA. The site was in decline, if not largely abandoned, in LM IB ‒ the period of the construction and use of the neighbouring palace of Zakros. This is in contrast to the current views on a close relation between palaces and peak sanctuaries during the New Palace period. Thus, the evidence from Traostalos implies that the peak sanctuary phenomenon should rather be linked to the early stages of state formation in Crete.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
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                <title>
                    Ενδοπεριφερειακή κινητικότητα κατά την Εποχή του Χαλκού. Από τη Μεσοράχη στον Παπαδιόκαμπο της Ανατολικής Κρήτης | 
                                            Χρύσα  Σοφιανού,                                             Thomas M.  Brogan                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/904</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2019 13:47:07 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/904</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
BRONZE AGE INTRAREGIONAL MOBILITY IN EAST CRETE: FROM MESORACHI TO PAPADIOKAMPOS
The paper is an overview of recent excavations at Mesorachi and Papadiokampos between 2007 and 2015. Geographically this region of eastern Crete forms a natural boundary on the north coast between the Mirabello and Siteia Bays, which for most of Cretan history was a sparsely inhabited periphery. One exception is the Bronze Age. For this period our project has recovered a cluster of Final Neolithic-Early Bronze I sites, an unusual Middle Bronze II Peak Sanctuary, and a large coastal town occupied from the Middle Bronze II to Late Bronze I periods. Viewed together these sites show a surprisingly dynamic pattern of settlement which began with defensible locations at Mesorachi at the beginning of the Bronze Age. From the EM II-MM I period local habitation moved to the foothills above Papadiokampos near Haghios Ioannis. During the Protopalatial period a new settlement appeared on the coast with a Peak Sanctuary on the Trachilas Peninsula. This town was rebuilt in LM I and abandoned for good after the LM IB destruction. 
The artefacts and ecofacts from these sites provide intriguing evidence for the local diet and economy and relations with other parts of Crete and the wider Aegean world. The data also reveal distinctive features of settlement organization that are not typical of the Protopalatial and Neopalatial periods (e.g., an unusual plan with each house surrounded by gardens rather than being grouped tightly together). Our paper considers this combined evidence in the framework of “intraregional mobility”. 

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Αναζητώντας τα ίχνη ενός δημιουργού | 
                                            Εύα  Τέγου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/900</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2019 12:58:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/900</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
This paper deals with the Αrchaic head found during the excavation of the sanctuary on the east slope of Axos hill, conducted by the Italian mission in 1899. The head, carved in high relief, shows a young face turned to the right and is made to be viewed in three quarters. The scholars categorized it as an architectural sculpture due to its asymmetrical features. The aim of this study is to activate a debate in order to define which part of the temple the head decorated. For this purpose it will also take into account the research concerning the evolution of sacred architecture in the Archaic period. Furthermore, the information provided by ancient authors on famous Cretan traveling craftsmen will be considered, in an attempt to shed light on the period to which the Axos head belonged.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Νέα ΥΜΙΙΙ εγκατάσταση στον άξονα βορρά-νότου: επάρκεια πρώτων υλών και ροές αγαθών | 
                                            Γιάννης  Τζεδάκις,                                             Βίκη  Κολυβάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/897</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2019 12:41:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/897</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
One of the new peripheral centres in western Crete during the LMIII period is the town that built the wealthy LMIII Armenoi Necropolis with its 232 excavated chamber tombs and its impressive finds (decorated vases and larnakes, bronzes, jewellery, stirrup jar with Linear B inscription, sealstones and stele).
The town, which appears to have covered the hill where the modern village of Kastellos now stands, is an ideal location, as it would have been able to control the roads and paths on a north/south axis, and traffic in agricultural and bovine products as cited in the Linear B tablets.
Apart from these products, semi-precious stones have been found all along this N/S axis and these would have formed part of the commerce of the town. In addition, the presence of so many bronze weapons in the tombs leads us to the conclusion that copper was also transported along this north-south route. The town would have controlled the flow of copper coming from the south of the island as imports from Cyprus stopped in LMIII. 
The finds in the tombs give the strong indication that the population of the town during its two-hundred-year history, was predominantly Minoan, with minimal evidence of Mycenaean presence.
To conclude, the name of the town is da-22-to as listed in tablet G820 from Knossos.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Πολυπολιτισμικά Αρχιτεκτονικά στοιχεία μέσα από την περίπτωση του κτηριακού συγκροτήματος του Αρχοντικού Μπέη Σεκεριά στην παλαιά πόλη του Ηρακλείου | 
                                            Ελένη Ι.  Κανετάκη,                                             Γεώργιος Π.  Αντωνίου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/889</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2019 11:38:13 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/889</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The Bey Zekeriya (or Sekeriadaki) Konak was constructed in the Balta cami neighborhood of Herakleio historic centre circa 1880s. It was one of the new mansions built by the Cretan city’s merchants, as many of the preexisting manors were severely damaged after the 1856 earthquake. The listed building belongs to the Mplavaki-Kalogeraki family and during the past decades was used as a music conservatoire, while its future compatible reuse is under elaboration.
The mansion, reached through 15, Apokoronou str., was constructed at the southern part of a large paved courtyard with a decorative fountain (şadirvan) and a fountain house, adorned with Renaissance features. It extends in three levels: i. the ground floor, at the form of a rectangle, is built with masonry construction and is equipped with four rooms, including the main entrance hall with the spiral wooden staircase that leads to the first floor, the kitchen and a small private hamam, ii. the first floor presents a projecting bay balcony (şahnisi) following the same four-room layout pattern, built mainly with timber framing, as well as the iii. much smaller upper floor (attic). The Konak was initially constructed with a symmetrical five rooms space disposition and a centred main entrance hall, but 1/5 of its unit was demolished in late 1960’s. 
The Bey Zekeriya mansion is characterised by a mix of local, Neoclassical and Eclectic architectural styles and is constructed with the use of the 0,758 m structural grid, an Ottoman feature traceable in many building’s elements.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Azioni rituali, identità e incontri culturali: la prima fase della necropoli di Siderospilia a Priniàs | 
                                            Katia  Perna                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/885</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 11 Oct 2019 07:24:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/885</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
RITUAL ACTIONS, IDENTITY AND CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS: THE FIRST PHASE OF THE NECROPOLIS OF SIDEROSPILIA AT PRINIAS.
The necropolis of Siderospilia began to be used during the Subminoan period. Two types of tombs were built and two different burial rites were performed: cremations in single graves and multiple inhumations in chamber tombs. Similar funerary customs are attested in other sites of central Crete, in particular in the region between Knossos and the Messara plain. The fluid relationship between the settlements of this area also favoured the adherence to specific models, ideologically significant, shared throughout the Aegean area.
The study of the oldest tombs in the necropolis and of their grave goods, especially pottery, allow us to clarify the synchronic and diachronic relations between the two different burial rites. Furthermore, it allows us to grasp the degree of connectivity between the areas involved in the dynamics of transformation of the central Crete. From a more general perspective, finally, it offers the chance to discuss the interrelations between people of the Aegean area, in the time when some communities arose and grew.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Γάμος και γεωγραφική κινητικότητα στη Σητεία του 16ου αιώνα | 
                                            Μαρία Δ.  Μονδέλου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/882</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 11 Oct 2019 07:07:18 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/882</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
MARRIAGE AND GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY IN 16TH-CENTURY SITIA
Based on the unpublished marriage contracts drawn up in Sitia during the 16th century, the study of geographic mobility for marriage purposes reveals the extent of practices of endogamy and exogamy and their impact on the characteristics of Sitia society. 
The geographic origin of the contracting couples cannot be regarded as an indispensable element of marriage contracts, just as it could easily be omitted in any other notarial act drawn up in Crete under Venetian rule. Information provided by the notaries could include the birthplace and/or the place of residence, if different, but even the absence of any geographical definition of the contracting couples was not rare. Furthermore, the lack of fiscal and demographic documentation on Sitia under Venetian rule makes it difficult to identify the permanent inhabitants of the town and to distinguish them from the temporary or periodic residents, or even from those living in the town for more generations. Therefore, mainly through successive contracts of the same people or their family, such as the rare marriage contracts of parents and (grand) children, successive generations of permanent residents can be identified.
The evidence provided mainly by marriage contracts and also by other types of notarial act drawn up in Sitia in the 16th century reveals a high percentage of town dwellers among the brides and bridegrooms. In fact, endogamy, being married to a partner of the same geographic origin, was a common characteristic of more than half the marriages contracted in Sitia during the 16th century. On the other hand, the percentage of Sitians married to non-residents, a quarter of all marriages, had a certain impact on the features of the town, as it rendered Sitia quite open to strangers.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η «Βουλή των πολιτικών» του Στέφανου Σαχλίκη και η (χειρόγραφη) παράδοσή του. Ταξίδια στον χώρο και τον χρόνο | 
                                            Arnold   Van Gemert,                                             Γιάννης  Μαυρομάτης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/879</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2019 12:54:08 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/879</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The “Assembly of Whores” by Stephanos Sachlikes (c. 1331-post 1391) is preserved in all three manuscripts which transmit the works of the Cretan poet: a) the Parisinus gr. 2909 of the National Library of Paris (P), b) the Neapolitanus gr. III. A.a.9 of the National Library of Naples (N), c) the Greek manuscript H 405 of the Medical School of the University of Montpellier (Montepessulanus H 405). All three manuscripts are dated to the first half of the 16th century, almost a century and a half after the original composition of the work of Sachlikes. 
The state of preservation of the “Assembly’s” text varies from manuscript to manuscript. P e.g. preserves 300 lines or halflines, M 269, whereas N only 190. Moreover, the problems resulting from the condition of the text are multiplied by the fact that lines extant in M and N are not always the same or placed in the same order as those of manuscript P. In the recent popularizing edition by Mavromates ‒ Panagiotakes the “Assembly” numbers 346 verses. 
Our paper attempts to elucidate the manner in which the “Assembly of the Whores” was composed as an oral poem around a nucleus of themes and developed during performances in Candia and other cities in Crete with a varying number of rhyming quatrains into a hilarious institutive meeting of the Candia whores’ guild. Its text was most likely disseminated throughout Crete, not only during Sachlikes’ lifetime, but also after his death, up until the time when his poems assumed their final form in the three extant manuscripts (P, N and M).

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Δρόμοι και μονοπάτια στην κοιλάδα του Αποσελέμη. Μετακινήσεις και αλληλεπιδράσεις από την πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού ώς τα Νεότερα χρόνια | 
                                            Μαρία  Μαυράκη-Μπαλάνου,                                             Αλέξανδρος  Καστανάκης,                                             Βενετία-Μαρία  Μπότση                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/875</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2019 12:21:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/875</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Due to the construction of the Aposelemis Dam (2007-2015) in the valley of the Aposelemis river, between the villages of Potamies and Avdou Pediados, a great excavation project was carried out. Major ancient sites, ranging from the Late Neolithic to the Late Roman period, were excavated and are being studied. 
The ancient settlements were established on the routes passing through the valley in all directions, forming crucial crossroads in the valley. The main roads were used to connect the Aposelemis valley with the Malia district to the north, the valley of Kastelli to the west, the plain of Lassithi to the south and the area of Gouves to the northeast. The earliest date for the road network in the valley is MM II. A large part of this road was excavated in the area of Souviani and on the west border of the settlement in Agios Leontios. During the MM period, except for the settlements (as in Agios Leontios) and the monumental buildings (as in Kefali), “watchtowers” were placed to control the traffic, mainly close to the crossroads, as at the site of Mesochorio. A dense network of paths was intended to lead the ancient worshippers to the Dictaean Cave and other ritual caves, while a system of rocky paths led to the Iron Age hillsites (such as Karphi).
During Roman times, the road connected sparse villas on the hilltops or along the banks of the Aposelemis river.
 In this paper the excavators intend to set all the evidence together and create a map showing the settlements, the routes, the acme and the decline of movements, and lastly the political and ritual significance of the fertile valley among the mountainous surroundings.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ναοί με εντοιχισμένα αγγεία στον νομό Ρεθύμνου | 
                                            Νικολέττα  Πύρρου,                                             Κωνσταντίνος  Γιαπιτσόγλου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/870</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2019 11:09:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/870</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
In the framework of the research programme “Immured Vessels in Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Churches of Greece”, conducted by the National Hellenic Research Foundation in collaboration with the local Ephorates of Antiquities, churches decorated with immured vessels in their exterior walls, as well as the ceramics themselves, were recorded and documented. The paper presents the preliminary results of the research in Rethymnon Prefecture, conducted by the archaeologists of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Rethymno (former 28th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities). To date, 87 churches with immured vessels in their exterior walls have been traced in the region, among them the earliest example on the island of Crete, dating from the 12th century. The paper focuses on the presentation of the monuments, their architectural type, their dispersion in the area and most importantly their chronology – aiming to answer the question whether the study of the vessels could be used as a criterion for dating the containing monument.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Οι συγγενικοί και κοινωνικοί δεσμοί στη δοκιμασία της κρίσης, που προηγήθηκε μιας ριζικά νέας ιστορικής πραγματικότητας: Ενδείξεις από τα κατάλοιπα δραστηριοτήτων εστίασης στην ΥΜ ΙΒ Ζάκρο | 
                                            Γεώργιος-Παναγιώτης  Γεωργακόπουλος                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/866</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 09 Oct 2019 13:33:25 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/866</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The Late Minoan IB Period ends with destructions which, in the case of East Crete, mark the end of the palatial system. The settlement of Kato Zakros was hit by two, probably natural, destructions in a row, with the second coming very soon after the first one. In the meantime there was a period of crisis, during which efforts to repair the Palace took place. This paper, focusing on food consumption activities, takes the opportunity to investigate how the inhabitants’ lives were affected by the crisis. If the habits of communal eating – and the events they were connected to – were somehow affected, this can indicate how the bonds between relatives and social groups were tested by the crisis. Selected areas of both the palace and the houses are briefly examined. Our understanding can benefit from studying these remains of the final period, as they correspond to specific historical events. However, due to the limited and unstable time span they were created in, as well as the absence of written sources, they also remind us to be skeptical when using evidence related with food consumption to theorize on Neopalatial society.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Τα ελληνιστικά νεκροταφεία του Σταυρωμένου Ρεθύμνης: Η μαρτυρία από την ανασκαφή συστάδας τάφων στη θέση Βάρδια | 
                                            Επαμεινώνδας  Καπράνος                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/863</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 09 Oct 2019 13:19:38 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/863</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

THE HELLENISTIC CEMETERIES OF STAVROMENOS, RETHYMNON. THE EXCAVATION OF A CLUSTER OF TOMBS AT THE VARDIA SITE.
In May 2015, a cluster of tombs of the Hellenistic period was excavated at the coastal site of Vardia in Stavromenos, Rethymmnon, where remains of Hellenistic and Roman tombs are visible for 250 m. along the coast. Four cist tombs and probably one tile-roofed tomb were revealed. The finds included 40 vases, an iron knife and fragments of a copper pin. Thirty-four of the vases were unguentaria, while there were also two lamps, one oinochoe /jug and probably a cooking vessel. Most of the burials are dated to the late Hellenistic period (second half of 2nd century BC), except for burial 1 which is dated to the beginning of the middle Hellenistic period (early 3rd century BC). The cluster of tombs excavated at the Vardia site seems to belong to a larger organized cemetery which was in use from the Hellenistic period onwards and served the needs of the ancient city of Stavromenos.


                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Στήλη από την αρχαία Δρήρο | 
                                            Μαρία  Κυρίμη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/859</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 09 Oct 2019 06:22:58 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/859</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
A STELE FROM DREROS
The stele was found during the excavation conducted by the French Archaeological School in Dreros in 1932. It was placed in a secondary use as a step in the stone staircase at the south end of the city agora. 
The stele (H. 0.73 m-0.74 m, w. 0.25-0.27 m, th. 0.19 m) is made of a black local stone. Its facade is decorated in a very low relief, structured in three vertical zones, each separated by a ground line.
In the center of the upper zone is depicted a bird with open wings and on the right corner is a walking man holding a peculiar object in his right hand that looks like a thunderbolt. In the middle zone a male figure in left profile with wings on his shoulder and legs seems to fly by, holding a quadruped in his right hand and wearing a ring on his left. In the lower zone was placed the engraved contour of a gorgoneion. 
The depiction is interpreted as Jupiter with a thunderbolt and an eagle in the upper zone, with Perseus flying in the middle towards a sacred place as indicated by the winged sphinx on the altar in front of him. Perseus has been identified as the winged figure because of his role as a protector of the initiation rites of the adolescents of Dreros, which, as evidenced by the Drerian oath and the miniature bronze weapon offerings, took place in the city of Dreros. The stele is dated to the beginning of the 5th century BC.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Μέσα σταθερής τροχιάς στην Κρήτη: Δίκτυα βιομηχανικών σιδηροδρόμων κατά το πρώτο μισό του 20ού αιώνα | 
                                            Ευάγγελος  Χαριτόπουλος,                                             Πολύκαρπος  Τζίκας,                                             Σταύρος  Καψάλης,                                             Κωνσταντίνος  Μαμαλάκης,                                             Δημήτριος  Τερτίπης,                                             Ευστράτιος  Σταυρουλάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/856</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 08 Oct 2019 12:09:48 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/856</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

Crete has no railways today and it is barely known that numerous narrow gauge railway networks were constructed in the island during the first half of the 20th century. Mining sites, as well as port and military installations, were Decauville served (600 mm gauge). In the majority of cases, the length of the rails was short, measuring only a few hundred meters. Noteworthy networks were constructed at the Plakias lignite field, the mining site in the area of Ravdoucha, and the Commonwealth installations at Souda Bay, while the most significant was the 10-kilometer railway at Heraklion, the only one in Crete with a track gauge of 1,000 mm.
This paper aims to present the railway networks in Crete in terms of extant structures, assessing the present state of preservation, proposing a reconstruction of original rail routes, and discussing the later reuse of rail tracks. The methodological approach comprises research in written sources of archival data, old maps, aerial and historic photos, as well as survey in the field.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Νομισματικά ευρήματα ελληνιστικής και ρωμαϊκής εποχής από ανασκαφές στο Καστέλλι Κισάμου (Οικόπεδο Γεωργακάκη-Σκουνάκη) | 
                                            Εμμανουήλ  Μαρινάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/848</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 08 Oct 2019 11:17:29 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/848</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

During Classical-Hellenistic times (5th-1st cent BC) Kissamos was a small coastal settlement under the rule of the powerful city-state of Polyrrhenia. The period of greatest cultural and economic growth for the ancient town of Kissamos was obviously the Roman era (1st cent. BC.-4th cent. AD.), due to the Pax Romana. An important chronological terminus is the earthquake of 365 AD, after which Kissamos gradually enters the Early Christian Period, as it was already a bishop’s seat. 
The excavations in the town of Kissamos (Kastelli) have revealed impressive ruins of buildings, public and private, very often decorated with elegant mosaic floors. 
This article will present some numismatic finds from one relatively recently excavated site (Georgakakis-Skounakis property/ 2001-2008). The ruins belong to buildings of the Roman period, especially shops, workshops and auxiliary spaces, organized along a Roman road (cardo) according to the Hippodamean system. Two main building phases are discerned (1st -2nd cent. AD and 4th cent. AD), with further architectural modifications in late antiquity.
In this particular excavation a total of 281 bronze coins have been found. Most are worn or not yet conserved, so few are recognizable. Presented here are only 23 representative bronze coins. A few are categorized as autonomous Cretan (mainly of Polyrrhenia), whereas the majority derive from the Roman period (especially 3rd-4th cent. AD). Among them will be mentioned a small coin hoard dated in the 4th cent AD. The rarity of identifiable coins datable to the 1st -2nd cent. AD from this particular excavation is difficult to explain. 
The coin finds provide useful information on numismatic circulation in West Crete, particularly during the Roman period. Most of the coins were struck outside Crete, therefore economic networks of the Empire brought them to the island, to play an essential role in the daily transactions of the local people in Roman Kissamos.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η εμπειρία μετακινήσεων της οικογένειας του λόγιου συγγραφέα Παύλου Βλαστού και σχετικό αθησαύριστο χειρόγραφό του | 
                                            Αταλάντη  Μιχελογιαννάκη-Καραβελάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/845</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2019 07:41:43 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/845</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

THE EXPERIENCE OF MOVING OF THE SCHOLAR WRITER PAVLOS VLASTOS AND HIS FAMILY, AND HIS RELEVANT UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT.
Pavlos Vlastos was born in Vizariin the Amari, Rethymno in January 1836 and grew up in Rethymno. His parents were George Vlastos and Despina Saunatou, the daughter of the priest of Vizari. In 1873 Pavlos Vlastos fell in love with the Ottoman Nurije Kantzi, of the Turkish-Cretan Kantzisfamily. He composed the poem “Nurije Kantzopoula” in her honour.
It is well known that by searching the genetic environment and the predisposition for moving, a wide-ranging mental environment is also revealed.
In our case the biography and incidents of Pavlos Vlastos’ life with his family, as well as his Ottoman wife’schange of religion, mirror a “functional total” constituted ofinterconnected subsystems.
We therefore focus on those parameters that could lead to decisions regarding moving.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Μετακινήσεις και επιρροές στην εκπαιδευτική κοινότητα των σχολείων της πόλεως του Ηρακλείου την περίοδο 1858-1878 | 
                                            Κώστας Γ.  Φυσαράκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/842</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 04 Oct 2019 09:40:34 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/842</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
TRANSPORTATION AND INFLUENCES IN THE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY OF THE SCHOOLS OF THE CITY OF HERAKLION IN 1858-1878 (BASED ON DOCUMENTS, LETTERS AND REPORTS OF THE ARCHIVES OF THE [CHRISTIAN] ELDERS&#039; COUNCIL OF HERAKLION AND OF THE VIKELAIA MUNICIPAL LIBRARY).
This paper is a comparative analysis, completion and documentation of my previous work on the history of education in the Department of Heraklion, concerning the critical period of the Cretan Risings. Here are listed newer details regarding transportation of pupils, teachers, educational supervising material and the influences of programs, teaching methods and ideas, inside and outside the city of Heraklion and Crete, which emerged from the continuation of my research on the operation of Heraklion City Schools, the external influences they received, their conditions, their teachers, their qualifications and their salaries, their curriculum, the material resources, the proposed improvement measures, etc. Through the data of important letters, reports and tables, the main characteristics of the aforementioned movements and influences are analyzed, compared and presented, as are the conditions of the education process of the time. This paper clarifies the elementary and basic education (primary and secondary) traditionally organized by the Elders’ Council of Heraklion and the School Committees of the City. Furthermore, it presents the prospects for full development with the continuous creation, supervision and financing of new municipal schools in the province and the entire Heraklion Department, as well as the gradual development of the Cretan Gymnasium of Heraklion. Additionally, an effort is made to further analyze the aforementioned movements with prior and subsequent educational situations (e.g. pre- and post-rising), in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of education in these dark and difficult years for the city of Heraklion and Crete as a whole.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Διακίνηση αγαθών, παραγόμενων προϊόντων και ειδών διατροφής στην Κρήτη (1555-1608) | 
                                            Μαρία  Καλαϊτζάκη,                                             Γιώργος  Σπανάκης-Βορεάδης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/838</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 04 Oct 2019 07:29:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/838</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The aim of this paper is to present the roads and the merchants of goods, products and food on commercial routes; we will try to identify the routes of product traffic and who is involved in it. Among the research issues discussed here are who assumed the role of trafficker, who the role of trader, and what the producer’s ultimate profit was. With regard to product movements, areas where goods and trade traveled, regions, trade agreements and transactions will be recorded. The research will be by reference to the existing bibliography and the relevant documentation from the original archival data of this period in the Vikelaia Municipal Library of Heraklion. The scope of the research is to highlight the importance of transport and networks to economic and social life and their contribution to the development of Crete during this period.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Νεολιθική κεραμική από το σπήλαιο Πελεκητών, Κάτω Ζάκρος: προκαταρκτικά συμπεράσματα | 
                                            Lily  Bonga                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/834</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 03 Oct 2019 12:27:01 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/834</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

This brief paper presents the main characteristics and relative dating of the Neolithic pottery from the Pelekita Cave, near Kato Zakros in eastern Crete. It is based on the preliminary study of the pottery recovered from both the older (1979, 1982, 1985) and more recent excavations (2014-2015). The area of excavation was concentrated along the back wall of the first chamber (Chamber 1) of the cave. Chamber 1 is rock-shelter-like, open to air and sunlight; the four deeper chambers of the cave were not explored.
The pottery recovered in Chamber 1 is associated with a series of hearths and a semi-circular built feature that was perhaps constructed as a sheep-pen in the south-west corner of the chamber. Most of the pottery has dark-colored surfaces and is well burnished. The vessel shapes and morphological characteristics of handle types and decoration are best paralleled at Knossos (and by extension, Katsambas). In the Knossian chronology (Tomkins 2007), Pelekita can be dated as early as the Early Neolithic and as late as the early Final Neolithic (Tompkin’s FN I), but a more conservative estimate suggests a mainly Late Neolithic date, with perhaps a few pieces dating earlier or later, ca. 5900-4500 / 4000 BC. Parallels can also be found on the mainland, but ones from the Cyclades and Dodecanese are not as useful due to their widely varying relative chronologies. Radiocarbon dates for Pelekita are not yet available and are planned for the future.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η Μεσαρά στα περιηγητικά κείμενα: η αναζήτηση του παρελθόντος και η ανάδυση του αρχαιολογικού της τοπίου | 
                                            Κώστας  Γεωργακόπουλος,                                             Ειρήνη  Μαραβέλια                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/830</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 02 Oct 2019 11:55:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/830</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
THE MESARA IN TRAVELLERS&#039; TEXTS: THE QUEST FOR ITS PAST AND THE EMERGENCE OF ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE
Crete was an attractive destination for European travellers as early as the medieval period. The memory of its ancient culture, the natural environment and the “exotic”, to European eyes, character of its inhabitants made travellers turn their attention to the island of Minos. Later on, the revival of interest in antiquity motivated many literate people to travel to Crete in order to “discover” ancient cities and artefacts with the assistance of local guides.
The Mesara plain was of particular interest to those travellers. There could be found the dwelling of the legendary Minotaur, the so-called Labyrinth, which was actually a quarry and the most important “tourist” attraction of Crete until the discovery of Knossos by Sir Arthur Evans at the beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, the ruins of Gortyna, the capital of the island during the Roman period, lay close by. It is important to mention that the Labyrinth and Gortyna were, almost exclusively, the only ancient sites depicted on maps by early cartographers.
In this text we examine not only the archaeological and classicist perspective of these tours but also the travellers’ interactions with the local population of the Mesara and their relations with the Ottoman authorities.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ο ναός του Αγίου Παντελεήμονα στο Μπιζαριανώ(ν) Ηρακλείου | 
                                            Μιχάλης  Ανδριανάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/823</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2019 07:46:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/823</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The church of St Panteleimon is located close to the village of Bizariano(n), perhaps in order to house the existing agiasma. Resent restoration work allows us to assume that the original church was a cross-in-square with a dome, built in the mid-11th century. Around the end of the 12th century it was rebuilt as a three-aisle vaulted basilica, after a collapse. At the end of the Venetian era the upper parts of the church and the row of piers were reconstructed.
 The interior was decorated three times, as the fragments indicate. To the first layer (second half of 11th century) belongs the depiction of Saint Nicholas, on the south wall, which is connected with the painting tradition of Constantinople. The slender figures of Ss Arsenios and Efthymios on the south wall and St John the Baptist with his hands in supplication correspond to the high quality of the late Comnenian tradition at the end of the 12th century. The bishops and the Melismos, the Community of the Apostles, the enthroned Madonna with two Archangels on the niche of the apse, the breast-feeding St Anne, the whole body of saints, George, Theodore Stratelates, Michael, Demetrios, George Diasorites on the south wall and the archangels Michael and Gabriel on the west, are dated in the first half of the 13th century. To the same layer, which represents the conservative and renewing trends that predominate in general this period, belong the depictions of Christ and St Panteleimon on the eastern piers, as part of the iconostasis.
The great significance of the church is obvious as far as the architecture and its alterations are concerned, which contribute to the deeper understanding of external influences and local processes. Furthermore, the three layers of frescos represent the predominant trends of high-quality painting from the Middle Byzantine period to the early Venetian era.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    The long-term dynamics of Knossos in context​​ | 
                                            Todd Whitelaw,                                             Maria  Bredaki,                                             Andonis  Vasilakis                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/816</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 09 Sep 2019 10:11:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/816</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
In this concluding paper of this series devoted to reporting on the Knossos Urban Landscape Project (KULP), we emphasise what we are learning from the project about specific transformations in the history of the site, and highlight various challenges to previous understandings that are emerging from our data, considered in conjunction with information from previous explorations at the site, which we are still exploring as study and analysis continues. 
Building on and complementing over a century of intensive excavation at the site, the Knossos Urban Landscape Project is enabling us to fill in and refine our understanding of the developmental history of a major Aegean centre. Because the ceramics of Knossos across all periods of its occupation have been analysed and documented in detail, this provides an opportunity to develop a fine-grained analysis of long-term urban history, spanning nearly eight millennia and two cycles of urbanisation and state formation and collapse. We have linked the analysis of our new survey data with restudy of the retained material from the rescue excavations conducted by the British School in the valley, and the published results of major excavations, for an integrated synthesis of the history of the site.
This project has produced surprising and indeed challenging information affecting every period of occupation of what has been considered to be a very well-understood site. These challenges are touched on here, and are considered in more detail in the specialist papers presented in this conference session and also published in this volume.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    ​Polis, colony and beyond: Urban Knossos from Archaic to Late Antique times | 
                                            Conor P. Trainor                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/814</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 09 Sep 2019 09:31:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/814</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The landscape focus of the Knossos Urban Landscape Project (KULP) casts new light on urban Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman Knossos and for the first time affords us a view of the city as a whole during its life as a polis and as a colony. Concentrations of ceramics dating to the Archaic period to the west of the Minoan palace and south of the modern upper village may provide evidence to counter the traditional interpretation of a 6th century lacuna at Knossos. During the Late Classical or Earlier Hellenistic period, the city reached its maximum size of ca. 120 ha. During the Late Hellenistic-Early Roman period, Knossos contracted significantly in size; however, this was most likely not as a direct result of the Roman conquest. Knossos appears to have experienced significant economic reorganisation during the early years of Roman rule: the production of Knossian transport amphorae as well as the range of types produced in the city peaked during this time. Production was centred on the area southwest of the Acropolis and included the manufacture of ceramics, wine, and honey. A large concentration of non-local amphoras near the northern bounds of the city may represent a commercial rather than production locus. Imported Late Antique amphora and fineware ceramics are rare, indicating changes in urban character during the 3rd to 5th centuries CE. The northwestern distribution of most later material indicates why this period has not been widely recognised in excavations in the south of the city and documents a contracting settlement associated with the extensive excavated cemeteries of the 5th to 7th centuries CE.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Early Iron Age Knossos and the development of the city of the historical period | 
                                            Antonis Kotsonas                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/811</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 09 Sep 2019 08:20:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/811</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Knossos is widely considered one of the most prosperous Aegean communities in the Early Iron Age, particularly on the basis of finds from its cemeteries. Because of later disturbance, it has not been possible to document the accompanying settlement very clearly. This paper revisits the evidence for the nature and extent of the settlement, integrating recent fieldwork with evidence from earlier excavations in the settlement and cemeteries. 
The Knossos Urban Landscape Project (KULP) recovered an unusually rich assemblage of ceramics from the Early Iron Age, a period that is typically under-represented in Aegean surveys. The abundance of data provides a relatively strong basis for a detailed understanding of the size and organization of the community and its development for nearly half a millennium. The surface exploration documented a wide scatter of ceramics, including in areas not previously intensively investigated. The site is shown to have been considerably larger than previously assumed already in the Protogeometric period (10th-9th centuries BCE). The continuous distribution of material also demonstrates the expansion of a large nucleated community from a smaller core, which almost certainly survived from the Late Bronze Age. Survey in the areas of some of the dispersed cemeteries revealed no evidence for dispersed villages associated with each cemetery, refuting the model of polis formation through synoecism for Knossos. This new understanding of the settlement corresponds much better with the significance given to the site through its burial evidence, and challenges previous interpretations of the nature and extent of the settlement during the Early Iron Age.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    ​Neopalatial and Mycenaean Knossos: urban expansion and collapse | 
                                            Joanne Cutler,                                             Todd Whitelaw                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/808</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 09 Sep 2019 07:53:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/808</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
While occupied as a major centre for almost eight millennia, the phase most thoroughly investigated, and for which Knossos is best known, both academically and popularly, is the Late Bronze Age. The earlier phase, the Neopalatial period, includes also the final phase of the Middle Bronze Age, beginning to receive more attention but still not as well known as its LM I successor. For this period, the survey data now documents that the site extended over approximately a square km. expanding considerably on recent estimates. This is twice the extent of any other Aegean Bronze Age centre, and on a par with very large contemporary urban centres in the East Mediterranean and Middle East. At documented LM I occupation densities, this should represent a population of around 25,000 individuals, representing a unique and challenging social environment within the prehistoric and early historic Aegean region.
The later Bronze Age phases at the site are not documented in the same detail, and the study of the survey data is still at an early stage. But our preliminary analysis suggests a considerable reduction in the extent of the site in the LM II-IIIA Final Palatial period, contemporary with the development of the mainland Mycenaean centres, and probably a further significant reduction in the LM IIIB-IIIC Postpalatial period. Yet even in this late phase, with some evidence of occupation over a minimum of 20 ha., the site would still have been a major centre, roughly comparable to contemporary mainland palatial centres. This is the least well understood prehistoric phase in terms of our survey data, as well as existing excavation data, but our preliminary work is beginning to point toward a significantly different perspective on Postpalatial Crete and the transition to the Early Iron Age.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Protopalatial Knossos: The development of a major urban community | 
                                            Andrew  Shapland                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/802</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2019 06:33:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/802</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The Protopalatial period at Knossos is seen as a time of momentous political change associated with the development of the palace on the Kephala hill. Such architectural and social changes, however, are only indirectly reflected in the survey material that this paper presents. The diagnostic pottery of the Middle Minoan period consists mostly of fine light-on-dark “Kamares Ware” (although painted decoration needed for close dating rarely survives in surface material) and to a lesser extent the mass-produced MM II-IIIA “crude ware”, which can be distinguished from Neopalatial ceramics only in the case of particular shapes. Coarse wares are less specifically diagnostic for this period. The distribution of fine wares in particular documents the expansion of the urban centre to more than 60 ha by the end of the Protopalatial period. This expansion is consistent with the wider territorial expansion of Knossos during this time, which was necessary to support the growing population of the increasingly differentiated urban community. This paper also examines the relationship of the survey data to the published MM burial landscape of the Knossos valley, but it is often difficult to distinguish cemetery areas from the background scatter of settlement debris. For the settlement, the survey material defines the boundaries of the urban core in the Protopalatial period in a more consistent way than the uneven distribution of excavations of MM houses, clustered close to the palace, had allowed previously. This paper concludes that a combination of survey and excavation data largely provides an accurate picture of the extent of Protopalatial Knossos, although the emphasis in the survey data on closely datable fine wares and recovery biases mean that the picture is still incomplete.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Knossos from the Neolithic to the end of the Prepalatial period* | 
                                            Borja  Legarra Herrero                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/799</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2019 07:11:50 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/799</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

This paper offers an updated look at the early history of the settlement of Knossos and its immediate hinterland based on the combination of new survey material and a review of legacy data from the long history of excavations in the area. The approach aims to provide a better understanding of the Prepalatial (Neolithic to Middle Minoan IA) settlement history at the Kephala Hill and nearby areas that complements the traditional focus on stratigraphic excavations under and around the later Bronze Age palace. The Prepalatial material collected and analysed by the Knossos Urban Landscape Project (KULP)is presented in a preliminary form but already sheds new light on the initial process of urbanisation at the site. The analysed data identify a sizeable community at Knossos from the Final Neolithic that slowly grew during the 3rd millennium BCE. The settlement experienced a rapid period of growth at the start of the 2nd millennium BCE that marks the beginning of its development as an urban centre. This is also a moment at which we can identify a major re-organisation in the occupation of the valley and possibly also in the funerary landscape around the settlement.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Long-term urban dynamics at Knossos: the Knossos Urban Landscape project, 2005-16 | 
                                            Todd Whitelaw,                                             Maria  Bredaki,                                             Andonis  Vasilakis                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/796</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2019 06:51:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/796</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The Knossos Urban Landscape Project is an intensive surface survey, organised as a collaboration between the British School at Athens and the Herakleion Ephoreia. It is documenting the archaeology of the site of Knossos and its environs, including the ancient city and all of its surrounding mortuary landscape accessible for investigation. It was initiated in recognition of a century of intensive investigation of the Knossos valley by both institutions. Its specific objectives are to record the archaeological resources of the valley to aid their protection and manage future development in the valley; to document systematically the archaeological record to contextualise a century of research and rescue investigations; to integrate new systematically collected surface data with existing excavation data to reconstruct long-term urban dynamics at Knossos; and to establish a comprehensive base-line for future research in the valley.
This paper serves as an introduction to the six papers which follow, together presented as a session at the 12th Cretological Congress. This introduction briefly presents the background to the project, its aims and methodology, and summarises its progress to date, in the field and in follow-up studies of the collected material. Interim results are presented in the following five papers, authored by the period specialists studying the ceramics for major cultural periods. These summarise the work to date on the project collections, within the context of previous investigations in the valley, to provide an overview of the long-term development of Knossos, from the establishment of the initial Neolithic community c. 7000 BCE, until the final decline of the site as a major centre in the early 8th century CE.
A final concluding paper highlights the insights, but also the challenges presented by the project to date, which will continue to be addressed as the project moves toward publication.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ανταλλαγές αρχαιοτήτων, δώρα και μια πρώιμη προσπάθεια συγκρότησης Νεολιθικής Συλλογής στο Μουσείο Ηρακλείου | 
                                            Κατερίνα  Αθανασάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/791</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 27 Aug 2019 06:57:27 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/791</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

Mobility of Museum objects, in the form of gifts and exchanges, is a well-established practice in the large metropolitan museums as early as the 19th c. Archaeological objects are transferred from the field to different contexts with their assigned meaning to be kept, to be abolished, to be reconnected or disconnected. In general with their layers of meaning to be the subject of continuous formation, reconstruction and negotiation.
The present paper attempts to explore the complex biographies and the entanglements of a constructed assemblage of Neolithic objects in the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion with vague provenance and to explore their role in the production of museum practices, in the negotiation of identities and moreover in the formulation of archaeological narratives. Through archaeological ethnography it attempts to map starting points, nodes and routes in a complex network of people and objects. At the same time, it seeks to track the multifarious connections of their mobility with various forms of modernism, colonial archaeology and also with archaeological transnationalism.
Moreover, through the entanglements of people and objects around the Cretan Museum it attempts to identify the role of the Museum within the European museumscape of the first decades of the 20th c. and to investigate an early attempt by I. Hazzidakis to establish a multicultural Neolithic Collection in the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion and also a wider museum context for the Cretan Neolithic.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Τα τοπωνύμια «Φαφλάγγος» και «Παστελάς» είναι ταυτώνυμα των βυζαντινών στρατηγών Σεργίου Νικητιάτου Παφλαγόνος και Παστιλά;* | 
                                            Ζαχαρίας Ε. Σμυρνάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/786</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 27 Aug 2019 06:40:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/786</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
FAFLAGOS AND PASTELAS: TWO MORE PLACES ON CRETE NAMED AFTER BYZANTINE GENERALS?
This paper argues that two place names in Heraklion Prefecture may record people and events occurring during the Byzantine campaigns to retake Crete from the Arabs (824-961 AD). 
An attempt has been made to associate the name Faflagos (Φαφλάγγος), located on the coast near Kalami, Viannos in south Crete, with the verb παφλάζω = “lap, splash, gush”. Yet this seems unlikely, as it is a sheltered spot where the sound of the sea is rarely noticeable. Instead, the paper argues that the name may derive from a vernacular Cretan dialect form of Παφλαγών, by association with Sergios Neketiates, the Paphlagonian recorded in the Synaxarium Constantinopolitanum as the leader of an unsuccessful expedition to recover Crete for Byzantium in 843. On the basis of textual and other evidence, Faflagos may have been the hub of a hitherto unknown free Byzantine state established in the area in the mid-9th century.
Pastelas (Παστελάς) is the name of a steep hillside near the village of Martha in the Pediada district. This may be connected to Pastilas, the general who was cut down by the Arabs under Karamountis during the re-conquest of Crete by Nicephorus Phocas in 960-961. It is here argued that the place name Karantoulas (Καράντουλας = “scorpion, ancient man”), a mountainous site by the neighbouring village of Katofygi, should be regarded as a derisory reference to Karamountis.
Thus the two place names explored in the paper may well preserve the names of Byzantine generals, in a manner similar to Karteros, the coastal location east of Heraklion on the north coast.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Κινούμενοι στα άκρα της κοινωνίας: περιθωριακά στοιχεία στα χρόνια της βενετοκρατούμενης Κρήτης | 
                                            Ευαγγελία Ι. Τακάκη,                                             Μαρία  Μαρκετάκη,                                             Πελαγία  Μαρκετάκη,                                             Μάρα  Παναγιωτάκη,                                             Ευαγγελία  Φανουράκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/783</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2019 07:19:56 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/783</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The aim of this paper is to examine marginal people in Venetian-ruled Crete during the 16th and 17th centuries. The research was carried out on published and unpublished archival sources of the Venetian period of Cretan History. It places these people in groups and focuses mainly on their activities, their role, the way they were treated by the authorities, justice, religion, and generally by the social environment of the times, and the reasons for and the procedure of alienating and reuniting them with society, in their homeplaces.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ταξίδια της ζωής: πολλαπλές αναγνώσεις μετακινήσεων μέσα από αρχειακές πηγές. Πολλαπλές αναγνώσεις μετακινήσεων και διαμόρφωση του τοπίου κατά τη Βενετική και Οθωμανική περίοδο | 
                                            Κατερίνα Φωστιέρη,                                             Κατερίνα  Λεμπιδάκη,                                             Βαγγέλης  Λιόλιος,                                             Μαρία  Μαμαλάκη,                                             Γιώργος  Φουρναράκης,                                             Όλγα  Χρήστου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/776</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2019 06:42:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/776</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Landscape, as a concept, can be defined as the way societies interpret both the anthropogenic and natural environments and the timeless, dynamic relationship and interaction between them. This study focuses on the view we have of the Cretan landscape, mainly around Chandax, in the years since the Venetian era.
By choosing and analyzing data found in legal documents of the Venetian era and correlating them with other published sources, we attempt to sketch parts of the multi-layered network of population movements and, through them, locate settlements and place names long forgotten. At the same time, we visualize spatial data by placing them onto a map. The study was complemented by field research, so that they can be correlated with today’s landscape.
We attempted to trace the special characteristics of specific settlements and place names of that era and the possible reasons behind their creation and/or abandonment.
From the systematic study of changes in the structured and unstructured environment, important historical elements can be deduced, to help future scientists (historians, archaeologists, lawyers, engineers, sociologists, geotechnicians, biologists, etc.), and thus contribute to highlighting several aspects of Cretan history.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ειδώλια ηθοποιών και μετακινήσεις καλλιτεχνών: μαρτυρίες σχετιζόμενες με το θέατρο στην κλασική και ελληνιστική Σύβριτο | 
                                            Νότα Καραμαλίκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/768</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2019 09:27:22 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/768</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Among a large group of pottery figurines handed over to the Ephorate of Antiquities of Rethymno, three figurines of comic actors are of special interest. The figurines were found in “Katis Kamara”, in the territory of Sybritos, the most powerful city in the Amari valley during antiquity. Although no architectural remains were found in the small-scale excavation conducted by the Ephorate, it seems very probable that a rural shrine existed at the site. The shrine was used from the Subminoan-Early Geometric period to Hellenistic times. 
Two of the comic actor figurines (P. 35827 and 35829) depict a man, with a comic mask dressed in somation and himation, seated on a square altar, holding a pouch. The type has been interpreted as a slave seeking asylum after the theft of the pouch and is considered of Attic origin. The third figurine of the group, that of a standing man, wearing a somation and making an exaggerated gesture (P. 35814), has no known parallel. It is a combination of handmade body and mold-made head. Another figurine of a comic actor was found in Falasarna: it shows a standing fat man with mask. Figurines of comic actors are rare in Crete, with examples known only from Knossos and the Lera cave. All the above figurines are locally made and demonstrate that at least some aspects of Attic drama reached 4th c. BC Crete, as had the circulation of figurines or molds. 
The figurines from Sybritos are an indication of the interest in theater in the area, an interest that is ascertained for the Hellenistic period. Two inscriptions inform us that the Sybritians of the 2nd c. BC honored with proxeneia the comic actor Ptolemaios of Argos and the romaistis Agathodoros of Sidon, two of the many artists travelling through the expanded Hellenistic world.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Πρινιάτικος Πύργος, ένα λιμάνι της ανατολικής Κρήτης. Οι μαρτυρίες των αμφορέων της μεταβατικής περιόδου (7ος-9ος αι.): Μία πρώτη προσέγγιση | 
                                            Έλλη  Τζαβέλλα                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/765</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2019 09:10:23 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/765</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

Crete, an island located centrally in the eastern Mediterranean, was lost from the Byzantines to the Arabs in the 820s and remained under Arab control until 961. The traditional view is that, even before this period, namely in the later 7th and the 8th centuries, maritime trade had collapsed due to the Arab attacks. 
Recent research at the site of Priniatikos Pyrgos, a harbour on the north coast of eastern Crete in the Gulf of Mirambello, revealed finds which strongly contradict this traditional view. Excavation by the Irish Institute of Hellenic Studies (2006-2010) unearthed architectural remains of rooms adjacent to each other, associated with very large quantities of amphorae which can be securely dated from the later 7th to the early 9th century based on typological parallels, a coin and a lead seal of the 8th century. The large quantity of amphorae appears to be associated with the specific role of the site, and especially with the excavated buildings. It is noteworthy that the amphorae are typologically coherent, but their fabrics show great variety. This suggests that the amphorae originate from various areas, which have to be sought both in and outside Crete. 
Based on the above, the harbour at Priniatikos Pyrgos appears to have been involved in seaborne trade during the later 7th, the 8th and the early 9th century, the period traditionally believed to be characterized by cessation of maritime trade. Priniatikos Pyrgos, however, was not an exception: similar cases have been discussed recently based on finds from Naxos, Chios, islands of the Dodecanese such as Kos, and other sites of the Aegean. These finds set eastern Crete within the network of regions which remained economically active, and on which the Byzantine Empire relied economically for its own survival. 

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ενδείξεις ενδοκρητικών μετακινήσεων υπό την πρόνοια των Βενετικών Αρχών: Η περίπτωση του οικισμού «τῶν Τραχινιακῶν» στην Κάντανο Σελίνου | 
                                            Θεοδώρα Ιωαννίδου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/762</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2019 08:04:56 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/762</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

EVIDENCE OF MOVEMENTS WITHIN CRETE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE VENETIAN AUTHORITIES: THE CASE OF THE VILLAGE OF &quot;TRACHINIAKON&quot; IN KANDANOS, SELINON.
The founding of the Trachinoi family village, known today as “Trachiniákos”, is placed, on the basis of the archaeological data (mainly provided by its surviving churches), around 1300 or at the beginning of the 14th century. The first church built after the establishment of the village is that of St. John the Divine (attributed to the workshop of the painter Pagoménos), the only one to be safely dated (to 1329) out of four, whose founding inscription mentions first among the donors the Trachinoi family (“γενεὰ τῶν Τραχινιανῶν”). The oeconym of the settlement clearly indicates that this specific family moved to the area, while raising questions about their change of residence: where did they move from, and why did they choose this specific place?
The surviving and published sources are not particularly informative on the Trachinoi family, so such questions cannot be answered directly. However, some random references to members of the same family in published documents illuminate the situation by offering new data: most of the cases agree on the fact that at least a large portion of the Trachinoi family lived in the Mylopotamos area. The question examined here is whether this relocation was due to the implementation of a specific provision in the Treaty of Alexios Kallergis (in 1299), which served the interests of both the native population and the conquerors. The Venetians were creating the preconditions for their enemies to become their allies, and then spread these “legitimate” populations by bestowing estates, especially in areas where the risings had not yet been sufficiently suppressed; moreover, it is well known that for the most effective counter to these uprisings they relocated populations, depopulating whole villages at that time, as in the case of the Lassithi Plateau. Thus, Trachiniákos, and probably other settlements in the Kandanos area and elsewhere, are the results of this policy of “dispersion of legitimate populations”. Moreover, this particular relationship that developed between the two sides is projected more or less discreetly in some local churches, indicating the inhabitants’ pro-Venetian attitude, at least in the first stage of the founding of the new settlements.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Χορεύοντας «κρητικά» στην άλλη πλευρά του Ατλαντικού | 
                                            Ρένα  Λουτζάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/37/759</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 20 Aug 2019 12:41:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/37/759</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The aim of this study is to investigate how and in what way Greek traditional dance is spreading to the diaspora, with emphasis on the locus of the Faith, Dance, Fellowship competition. In this context, I will examine the attempt of two Greek dance groups in the USA to collect primary ethnographic dance material from Greece, which is denatured as an artistic work, to claim the highest award in the FDF dance competition.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Μετακινήσεις κατοίκων της Ελούντας σε εκτός Κρήτης περιοχές από τα μέσα 19ου ώς τις αρχές 20ού αιώνα | 
                                            Μανόλης  Μακράκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/755</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 20 Aug 2019 12:01:52 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/755</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

This work refers to the movement of Elounda residents in the modern era, namely from the middle of the 19th century up to the fourth decade of the 20th century. These were peaceful, individual relocations by boat from Elounda, mostly to Kalymnos and Symi, the islands that flourished through sponge fishing. The inhabitants who emigrated were young, aged 15-20, with little or no real estate property, mainly from large families. Even 10-year-old children, usually orphans, would migrate, as related by their offspring. 
The harsh life in a place that could not feed its inhabitants forced many residents of Elounda to board sponge-fishing vessels anchored off Elounda and sail for Kalymnos, Symi, Karpathos and Kasos, to take up fishing and sponge fishing, or to enroll on merchant ships that moored at Spinalonga to load whetstones, carobs or almond kernels for Constantinople. In the early 20th century many also migrated to the USA. 
The scarcity of land due to natural constraints (minimal and rocky arable land), population growth, as well as the generation-by-generation segmentation of the already small and minimal claims, created a group of «superfluous» children who had few opportunities of escape from this situation. Nothing was available except in finite and limited quantities, with no potential for increase. People turned to non-farming activities. Initially, they turned as workers to nearby solutions, fishing, employment in salt pans and whetstone mining. It seems, however, that the income from these activities was insufficient, since the pay was meager.
This perception of property as being limited gave rise to the belief that if all goods were indeed limited and could not be increased by human efforts, then an individual or a family could only improve their status outside the territorial framework of this society by means of flight: emigration.
They were therefore driven to leave, initially to survive and later to realize their dreams, with the example of successful merchants or sponge divers before them. Some submitted to their destiny while others dared. 
We have divided these 41 economic migrants into two categories: 24 who fled to the islands of Kalymnos, Symi and Kasos, as well as to Constantinople and Alexandria, between 1850 and 1900. The second category consists of 16 emigrants to the US during the first two decades of the 20th century, who, in the hope of living the American dream, laboured endless hours a day under difficult conditions in factories, on railroad construction and in restaurant businesses. 
This paper monitors the path the lives of those emigrants in the foreign land, their occupations, whether they put down roots there, and whether and how many returned to their homeland.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η πολιτισμική κινητικότητα ως παράγοντας κοινωνικής, πολιτικής και ιδεολογικής διαμόρφωσης. Η περίπτωση της μινωικής Κρήτης | 
                                            Αντώνης  Βρατσάλης-Παντελαίος                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/751</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 09 Aug 2019 06:52:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/751</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The Middle and Late Bronze Age was a period of intense social and economic transitions in the Mediterranean world. During this time a number of East Mediterranean Civilizations were entangled in a multi-cultural exchange network of products and expertise. Within this network, the mobility of goods and people was accompanied by the mobility of cultural elements and perceptions. This paper presents some preliminary thoughts on how this cultural mobility could have favored the formation of a mutual economic and cultural understanding and coordination. The approach focuses on the interaction between Crete, Egypt and Western Asia, on technological, economic and cultural terms, and attempts to explore whether this cultural mobility had an overall effect on the communities.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ο βίος και η πολιτεία της προσφυγικής οικογένειας Μούρμουρη (Mormori) στα Χανιά του 16ου αιώνα. Προσωπογραφία, οικογενειακές στρατηγικές, κοινωνικές συμπεριφορές | 
                                            Κατερίνα Β. Κορρέ                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/748</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 08 Aug 2019 06:27:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/748</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Τhe refugee wave created by the loss of Nafplion (Napoli di Romania) and Monemvasia (Malvasia) in 1540 ‒ a loss which followed the Venetian-Turkish war ‒ washed the Mourmouri (Mormori) family ashore on the island of Crete. The once-prominent members of a Venetian possession were now trying to fit in the new social environment, as were the rest of their compatriots.
Most of the members of the Mourmouri family in Crete ended up as heads of the stradioti troops, a profession in which they were already engaged in their homeland. Most prominent was Emmanuel Mourmouris, who served as colonel and distinguished himself in the third Venetian-Turkish war. Several family members were engaged in agriculture and commerce or received high administrative offices. Georgios Mourmouris settled in the city of Chania, acquired real estate in Lassithi and became a high-level official of the local government. Along with his brother Emmanuel, he invested his assets in maritime commerce and transport. The sources also refer to the cartographer and military engineer Ioannis Mourmouris, the third brother, who died in the siege of Famagusta. 
In a related branch, we trace the lawyer Emmanuel Mormori and his son Zuanne, who became a famous dottor di legge in Crete.
The article deals with aspects of the presence of the Mormori family in Chania, such as: (a) the social origin of its members and its persistence; (b) the confirmation of faith towards Venice as a social and financial investment; (c) techniques of refugees’ rehabilitation implemented by the authorities; (d) the connection between family strategies, private property and mercenary service; (e) the contribution of the family to the island’s prosperity.
This study is entirely based on unpublished archival sources, meaning public and private documents identified in the Venetian State Archives.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Τα Ίχνη Οδηγούν στην Κρήτη: Όταν το Hollywood ταξίδεψε στην Ελούντα | 
                                            Κατερίνα  Κόμη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/745</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 07 Aug 2019 06:32:55 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/745</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

In 1963, before it was established as a popular tourist destination, the poor village of Elounda (Agios Nikolaos region, Crete) was chosen as a shooting location of the Walt Disney Productions movie The Moon-Spinners (1964). Subsequently, a large number of film technicians, laborers, actors, even Walt Disney himself, arrived in the area. The local inhabitants participated collectively in the film’s creation and contributed to Elounda’s metamorphosis into a film setting. Today, more than 50 years after its completion, in the region where it was shot, the film is not forgotten. Instead it is acknowledged as a landmark signaling the beginning of Agios Nikolaos’ transformation from a region facing intractable problems of indigence into a tourist resort that attracts thousands of travelers annually. Based on the concept of mobility and through research in various primary and secondary sources, this essay examines The Moon-Spinners from a variety of perspectives. Firstly, 
it approaches the film as a “Runaway Production”, a product of Walt Disney Productions’ strategies and policies. Secondly, it examines the film’s production in relation to the Greek government’s legislative measures taken with the aim of attracting foreign film productions to the country, in a period characterized by intensifying efforts to establish tourism as a significant sector of the Greek economy. Thirdly, it looks into the impact the film’s production had on both the rural environment and the local economy. Finally, it investigates aspects of the film’s (Greek/Cretan) reception: from its condemnation on the grounds of defaming the Cretan people, to the enthusiastic welcome it received upon its return to the region where it was filmed. In conclusion, the movie ceases to be a mere product of a particular era and industry; it becomes a mirror of the needs and wishes of a community in transition.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Παρεπιδημίες Κρητών αρχιερέων και η εκδημία του Μητροπολίτου Κρήτης Tιμοθέου Καστρινογιαννάκη στην Ελλάδα κατά την τελευταία Κρητική Επανάσταση (σύμφωνα με φύλλα εφημερίδος στις αρχές του 1897) | 
                                            Αθανάσιος Σωτ. Τζιερτζής                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/742</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 06 Aug 2019 06:36:11 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/742</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

This paper examines the dynamic attitude of some hierarchs in Crete during the rising of 1897, as it is presented in the press of the time. At the peak of the drama, with the burning of the Christian district of Chania and the threat of new massacres, certain bishops of Crete went to Athens to request the intervention and protection of the Greek State: Eumenios Xiroudakis, Bishop of Lambi and Sfakia, and, Dionysios Kastrinogiannakis, Bishop of Rethymnon and Aulopotamos, were able to meet leading politicians in order to settle the issue, while Nikeforos, Bishop of Kydonia and Apokoronas, refused to abandon the island completely, seeking refuge at the last minute aboard a ship. The tragic developments also caused the ailing Metropolitan of Crete, Timotheos Kastrinogiannakis, to rush to the capital of the kingdom for consultations with the rulers, but also his early death: his funeral would be another opportunity for the Cretans’ just demands to be highlighted and for the slogan “Union or Death” to be heard in Athens. The explicit turn of the hierarchs of Crete to the national center is not inconsistent with the intense controversy and discontent within the Great Church of Christ, which led to the resignation of Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimos VII in January 1897. Moreover, these ecclesiastical leaders followed and accompanied great streams of refugee from Crete, seeking shelter on the Aegean islands and in Piraeus in order to escape the slaughter of the Turkish troops. The interventions of the Cretan bishops should be considered alongside the shift in attitude of the Greek government, the shipment of troops, munitions and food to the island, and the counterproposal of autonomy by the Great Powers and the subsequent Greek-Turkish war in April 1897.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Το έργο της Γαλλικής Εταιρείας Φάρων στην Κρήτη κατά το δεύτερο μισό του 19ου και ώς την αρχή του 20ού αιώνα | 
                                            Κυριακή  Βακάλογλου,                                             Μαρία  Κουσουλάκου,                                             Αναστασία  Ρεθυμιωτάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/739</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 05 Aug 2019 06:29:21 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/739</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

In nineteenth-century Europe, groundbreaking technological progress was made in the field of maritime transport and aids to navigation. Already in the mid-19th century the French government, like other European authorities acting in their own economic and political interests, assisted its investors in obtaining important concessions for investments mainly in the field of public infrastructure in the Ottoman Empire, during the Tanzimat (Reform) period of modernization and westernization. The building and operation of the lighthouse network of the declining Empire is identified with the oldest major French company, Société Collas et Michel, which ran the Administration Générale des Phares de l’Empire Ottoman. At the crossroads of the developing Mediterranean sea-routes, on the island of Crete, then a remote dominion of the Empire, a series of lighthouses were constructed or modernized from 1864 to 1904. This article traces the history of this business venture, as it is reconstructed through the study of the archives of the Administration Générale des Phares de l’Empire Ottoman, currently held at the Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer in Aix-en Provence, France; most importantly, it outlines the history and architecture of the lighthouse network of the island, and explores construction methods and materials, through in situ and archival research.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η φωτογραφική περιήγηση των γερμανικών μονάδων προπαγάνδας στην κατεχόμενη Κρήτη: το φωτογραφικό αρχείο του Ιδρύματος Επικοινωνίας και Οπτικοακουστικής Παραγωγής του Υπουργείου Άμυνας της Γαλλίας (ECPAD) | 
                                            Ειρήνη  Ανδρουλάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/734</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 02 Aug 2019 06:48:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/734</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
During the Second World War, Goebbels’ Ministry of Propaganda becomes a real production plant of still images and animated pictures, used for the purposes of propaganda in Germany as well as in the occupied countries. The propaganda units (Propaganda Kompanien or PK) consist of audiovisual and photography professionals who cover the missions of the three German armies and Waffen-SS in all the theatres of operations. In 1945, a significant part of their production was seized by the American army close to Wiesbaden in Germany and distributed among the Allies. Since then, the French Établissement de Communication et de Production Audiovisuelle de la Défense (ECPAD) has preserved a part of this production, approximately 353,632 photographs and 1,128 movie titles. This paper presents the German propaganda photographic reports from Crete following the Battle of Crete (Operation Mercury, 20 May 1941-1 June 1941). In total, 140 reports have been identified so far as being shot in Crete, partly or approximately documented due to the lack of supplementary elements. This publication attempts to make these historical sources known to institutions (museums, archive centers) and researchers in order to highlight the value of the historical audiovisual and photographic sources referring to Crete that can be found abroad.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Άγιος Ιωάννης ο Ξένος, «hic fuit1 …»: Από τον Αντιφωνητή στην Κωνσταντινούπολη στην Αντιφωνήτρια στην Κρήτη | 
                                            Μανόλης Σ. Πατεδάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/731</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 01 Aug 2019 06:59:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/731</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
ST JOHN XENOS, «HIC FUIT...»: FROM CHRIST ANTIPHONETES IN CONSTANTINOPLE TO THE VIRGIN ANTIPHONETRIA IN CRETE
During the past decades literature and research on St. John Xenos and his cult has focused on existing testimonies from texts attributed to him, such as names of places and monuments preserved in the island of Crete. Apart from details in the preserved monuments, as well as documents that have offered further glimpses in the activity of Xenos, a shift to the relation between Crete and Constantinople, rather than a Cretan centered interpretation for his figure, might offer a better understanding both for Xenos himself as well as the use of his memory in the coming Venetian times of the island. The term Antiphonetria, which was used to name the main establishment of Xenos in Crete –also existing in 8th century Constantinople in order to call the Virgin of Blachernai–, can derive from Antiphonetes, the equivalent term in the masculine. This was widely used to name Christ, but originally meant the guarantor for a loan, as a jural term. According to byzantine contemporary sources, such as the Chronography of Michael Psellos and the Synopsis chronike of John Skylitzes, icons of Christ Antiphonetes and the Virgin of Blachernai had played an important role, as a divine animated figure that would correspond to the petitions of the Empress Zoe, or as a strange and miraculous administrator in the cult and the public life of Constantinople. These figures apart from occupying a significant part of the sacred space and creating their own hierotopy, were also present on the most significant means for the transfer of public power and image, such as the coinage of the times. Despite the fact that no icon of Antiphonetria from the second byzantine period of Crete was preserved in the establishment of John Xenos at Myriokephala, it is possible that such an icon of the Virgin constituted then not only a centre of cult but also an equivalent active correspondent (“antiphonetria”) in Crete which could have come from the eleventh century Constantinople.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Οι «Δευτεραγωνιστές» πίσω από τους Εφόρους Αρχαιοτήτων. Οι ήσσονες μορφές της κρητικής αρχαιολογίας κατά τη διάρκεια του Μεσοπολέμου (ή στη σκιά των πρωταγωνιστών) | 
                                            Γιώργος Α.  Τζωράκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/728</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 2019 06:25:22 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/728</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
IN THE SHADOW OF THE PROTAGONISTS. THE MINOR HEROES OF CRETAN ARCHAEOLOGY DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD
In the long history of Cretan archaeology, many archaeologists served in the Archaeological Service of Crete. Not unexpectedly, relevant historiographical studies focus on the Ephors, who by law retained the privilege of excavations and of publications.
Nevertheless, behind these brilliant men there were the Antiquities Curators, who had been sent to serve at the Cretan Ephorate as state mobility programs demanded, and who were charged with a variety of official tasks and duties, yet without enjoying the same rights and privileges as those of the Ephors. 
Next to the Curators there were the “Temporary Curators”, mostly schoolteachers, who, in return for a meager extra salary, took on the archaeological administration of entire regions. 
The aim of the present paper is to shed light on these men who worked away in the shadow of the Ephors and who silently contributed, often in a most constructive way, to the history of Cretan archaeology during the interwar period.


                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Γεωγραφική προέλευση μαθητικού πληθυσμού και κοινωνική κινητικότητα στην Ποταμίδα Κισάμου την περίοδο της Κρητικής Πολιτείας: μια μελέτη περίπτωσης | 
                                            Ελευθερία Αποστολάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/725</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2019 08:55:24 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/725</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
In this paper an effort is made to highlight the role of the geographical origin of the student population as a regulatory factor in the education of boys and girls in rural areas during the period of the Cretan State. At the same time, we attempt to outline the educational framework, which, through interaction with the particular culture in the Kissamos region, made the school, to a certain extent, a mechanism for sharing and reproducing the structures of the local community, with the result that education came to play a very important role in social progress. In order to achieve the above objectives, information was selected and processed from the archives of both the Primary School and the Girls’ School of Potamida, a small village of Kissamos in western Crete during the period of Autonomy, as well as the school archives of the Gymnasium and the Practical School of the same province. An interesting aspect of the present study is also the investigation of the educational course of indicative cases of pupils and students attending the above schools, which is accompanied by the findings of the statistical analysis of the school files.


                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    A discussion on the construction method of the anthropomo­r­­phic clay figurines from the peak sanctuary of Kophinas and its correlations | 
                                            Alexia  Spiliotopoulou                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/722</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jul 2019 07:52:43 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/722</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The peak sanctuary of Kophinas at Mezzolati flourished during the MM III period. A large number of figurines, representations of humans and animals, were offered as votives. Most of the anthropomorphic figurines are male. A clear distinction between two traditions is defined; the naturalistic and the stylized. As all of the figurines are in a fragmentary state of preservation it is often possible to make observations on the way they were constructed. It is evident that the use of the tenon-and-mortise articulation system is generalized in the naturalistic group thus giving the figurine-makers a variety of options to express their ideal human body. 
Although studies have shown that some Kophinas figurine-makers were familiar with the techniques of bronzeworking, it is suggested in this paper that some of them were also familiar with the work of ivory craftsmen whose techniques they might have imitated. The possible existence of this string in a broader network of ideas among craftsmen and artists is discussed here, as well as the significance of this connection since ivory craftsmen are dependent on the palaces and Kophinas is a rural sanctuary, away from any so far known palaces.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη και η Χριστιανική εκπαίδευση «…κατά τα εν Ελλάδι» 1858-1863 | 
                                            Ευαγγελία Γ. Πατεράκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/719</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jul 2019 06:56:33 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/719</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
An alternative title of our paper could be: “Christian Education in Turkish-occupied Crete during the decade 1858-1868 … according to the standards of education of the Greek state”.
Catholic propaganda and the attempt to convert the Cretans during the period of Ottoman reforms disturbed a number of elements: Massic Christian bodies, Christian Cretans, Cretan Greeks, Dynamic Greeks, the Orthodox Patriarchate, even the Ottoman Government. The interest in neglected education and training in Crete was thus revived.
The founding of the Educational Association of Cretan Syros was an important event (1860). Its members, in concert with Cretan expatriates in Athens, contributed to Hellenism, for the improvement of the conditions and the reconstruction of the tortuous educational fabric of Crete. It therefore proceeded to:
- send shipments of books, educational material and printed matter to the island.
- educate and train teachers to teach in Crete.
- advocate to Christian inhabitants for the establishment and operation, in addition to those already extant in cities and monasteries, of new schools in the provinces of the island.
Christian education in Turkish-occupied Crete at the time was the responsibility of the Ecumenical Patriarchate (headed by the Metropolitan and dependent on Constantinople). With the measures taken, however, external influences began to appear on the island. The pedagogical tendencies that emerged had orientations from Athens and influences “… in Greece”.
Greek teachers were recruited for high-level duties, next to the Council of Elders. They laid the foundations and organized the previously neglected education of Crete (1863). They transfigured the standards, the philosophy of education and the practices of the educational system, the structure, the constitution, the methodology and the educational material of the free Greek Kingdom.
They created the conditions, after the three-year Rising of 1866, for Christian education to be organized and function more fully in the next period, under the Cretan State.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Καρπαθιακές μεταναστεύσεις στην Κρήτη του 19ου και 20ού αιώνα | 
                                            Έφη Ψιλάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/716</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jul 2019 11:53:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/716</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Already in the 18th century, according to all indications, the inhabitants of various settlements of the island of Karpathos had begun to specialize in building techniques, to form cooperative groups and to travel out of their island looking for work.
Crete was one of their favourite destinations, particularly after the special conditions that were formed during the Egyptian occupation. The phenomenon of the Karpathian temporary labor migration to Crete intensified after the devastating earthquake of 1856 and continued for many decades. The Carpathian craftsmen arrived on the island by boat every spring and worked until late autumn, mainly on private building projects, but also in repair or construction of churches. In many cases, however, temporary migrations became permanent. Already in the early 20th century Karpathian craftsmen had settled in Crete, in the Poros district in Heraklion and in inland villages.
The chapter of the Karpathian migrations to Crete, both temporary and permanent, was finally closed in the 1920s, after the Asia Minor catastrophe. Many of the refugees who had settled on the island specialized in building occupations and created a new tradition that has been preserved to this day.
This work exploits archival sources and literary references to Karpathian masons but is based mainly on epigraphic evidence mostly found in East Crete, a favorite destination for the Karpathian collaborative groups. The Karpathian craftsmen signed their works, often naming the place of origin as an element of their identity.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Πολεμικό αεροδρόμιο Καστελλίου 1941-1944. Η εκκένωση των χωριών Σκλαβεροχώρι και Γαλενιανώ (ανέκδοτες αρχειακές πηγές) | 
                                            Γεώργιος Α. Καλογεράκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/713</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jul 2019 11:20:35 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/713</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
KASTELLI MILITARY AIRFIELD 1941-1944. EVACUATION OF SKLAVEROHORI AND GALENIANO (UNPUBLISHED ARCHIVE SOURCES)
The purpose of this research is to focus on the fact that, during the years 1941-1944, the inhabitants of the villages surrounding Kastelli airfield were suffering in an atmosphere of violence and terrorism and experiencing a daily struggle for survival, away from their homes and property.
From June 1st 1941, Kastelli and its military airfield were the focal point of the German occupying forces in Crete. Every day, thousands of inhabitants were forced to work on the airfield in the local plains, under cruel and inhuman conditions.
In the first quarter of 1942, Kastelli airfield was ready for the incoming German airplanes. It became fully operational, with multiple daily flights.
The occupying army’s need for housing for soldiers, services and ammunition depots, led to the order for the evacuation of the villages of Sklaverohori and Galeniano which were located next to Kastelli airfield.
The inhabitants became refugees until the end of the war, finding shelter in neighbouring villages, in stables, in warehouses, in huts. The area was declared a dead zone.
We have approached this research through unpublished documents, contemporary photographs and testimonies by survivors from the villages of Sklaverohori and Galeniano.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    The Porti-Miamou project 2015-2016: 2015 Season Preliminary Report | 
                                            Andonis  Vasilakis,                                             Tomas  Alusik,                                             Petros  Charamis,                                             Matous  Semerad,                                             Ladislav  Smejda,                                             Eirini  Kritikopoulou,                                             Pavla  Alusikova Dostalikova                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/708</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 2019 07:45:39 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/708</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The Porti-Miamou Project is an official archaeological project of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Heraklion. It focuses on the small-scale surface survey and documentation of the immediate vicinity of Porti and Miamou, two prehistoric sites in the Mesara area, south central Crete. This paper presents the preliminary results of the 2015 season, which was focused on the site of Porti, located on the low hillock of Tou Bairami to Papouri between Vasilika Anogia and Kandila. The first aim of the season was to create new up-to-date plans of the Porti tholos tomb (excavated in 1906) and the adjoining area based on the actual state of all architectural remains. The main aim of the season was to carry out an intensive surface survey in the area of 800 x 800 m, centred on the Papouri hillock, for the better understanding of the site, its local context and chronology. The most important finds made during the survey are a small prehistoric burial cave and a small ancient (?) local limestone quarry. Altogether about 12,400 artefacts were recorded, nearly a quarter of them from the Papouri area.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Κρήτες ταξιδιώτες μοναχοί κατά την τουρκοκρατία | 
                                            Κωνσταντίνος Μ. Παπαδάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/699</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jul 2019 07:03:47 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/699</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

CRETAN TRAVELLING MONKS DURING THE TURKISH PERIOD
Travelling monks, known as taxidiotes, were those who travelled for the sake of charity outside the monastery chosen as their place of penitence. They usually bore with them holy relics or miracle-working icons and administered holy rites (blessings, prayers, confessions, etc.). The travelling monks were provided with letters of recommendation by their abbots. They were also obliged to obtain permission from the local ecclesiastical authorities. These voyages were called taxidia (“travels”), zeteia or eleemosynai (“alms-collecting missions”) and were intended to collect money to build, repair or conserve the home monastery. 
In this paper we examine selected case of Cretan travelling monks who begged for alms on the island or elsewhere. We make use of published and unpublished archive sources, canonical acts and literary texts in order to reconstruct the lives of the travelling monks from monastic institutions of the island. Our study is restricted to monastic institutions based in Crete, although we know that zeteia were carried out both by the senior patriarchates and by the Metropolitan of Crete, as well as by the great Eastern monasteries (Athos, Sinai, etc.).
We attempt to study the phenomenon in selected monasteries of a single geographical region. These are patriarchal, parochial, male and female institutions. The desiderata of the study are: 1) What sort of amounts did the monks manage to collect during their sacred journeys, and what did that money represent compared to the other economic activities of the monastery? 2) What were the monks’ geographical destinations? 3) Was there any regularity to these expeditions, or were they occasional activities, following a natural disaster? Οr did they form the last resort to meet a heavy debt? 4) How, finally, did the official Church view the phenomenon and how did it try to deal with charlatanism by the wandering mendicant monks?

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Κλίμαξ τοῦ Παραδείσου, ἢ λόγοι ἀσκητικοί ..., εἰς κοινὴν φράσιν μεταγλωττισθέντες παρὰ Μαξίμου τοῦ Μαργουνίου (Βενετία, Giuliani, 1590) | 
                                            Ειρήνη  Γεργατσούλη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/696</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jul 2019 06:45:09 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/696</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
During the period of religious humanism, the anthropocentric view of the world and the need for cultural and educational reform alters the ideological correlations of the era and imposes ‒ apart from the return to classical works ‒ the “discovery” of the moral cleanliness of the texts, which implies the purity of the Church in the first centuries of Christianity. The main representatives of the era exercise the preservation as well as the promulgation of the biblical and patristic texts through one of the most typical activities of Renaissance Europe: translation. In this way we have a systematic study of Greek and biblical works on the one hand, and on the other we have the formation and cultivation of the written usage of the vernacular language. The focus of my research is the Cretan theologian and formidable scholar Maximos Margounios, Bishop of Kythera, and his translation activity into the vernacular. Margounios’ initiative to translate into simple Greek and print St. John Scholasticus’ «Κλίμαξ Παραδείσου» (1590), an edition co-funded with Emmanouel Glizounis and dedicated to the Ecumenical Patriarch Jeremiah II, is set within the context of theological issues that afflicted the ecclesiastical life of the East in the second half of the 16th century. In this article I aim to shed light on an important figure of the Greek literature of the era as well as his activities, the popularization and the translation of fundamental texts of theological literature that has only recently begun to attract the interest of researchers. Emphasis is placed on the general trend that is observed at the end of the 16th century of translations of classical and Byzantine texts into the vernacular, as well as their contribution to the spread of education throughout the Greek-speaking world. Finally, specific indicative extracts of the translation that deal with the linguistic choices of the translator (lexical choices, grammatical and syntactic structures), the accuracy of the translation, and the objectives of Margounios’ endeavor are showcased.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Figurines as further Indicators for the Existence of a Minoan Peak Sanctuary Network | 
                                            Céline  Murphy                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/693</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2019 07:28:34 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/693</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The connection maintained between the Minoan peak sanctuaries of Crete is usually examined in the light of geographical and topographical features. Rarely are close material analyses of peak sanctuary ceramic datasets considered relevant where this inter-site network is concerned. In this paper, therefore, drawing upon existing published evidence and direct engagement with the Philioremos assemblage, it is proposed that the manufacture and consumption processes through which peak sanctuary figurines went further point to the existence of a connection between these very characteristic sites. The similarities between these processes here confirm the fact that a form of communication took place between peak sanctuaries, but also suggest some new possibilities about what kind of relationship the sites maintained and its dynamics. Although the exact way in which information travelled remains difficult to assess, the existence of a network in which the adoption and adaptation of certain practices took place appears more likely than the existence of a hierarchically pyramidal pattern in which information was transmitted intact. It is here proposed that while each peak sanctuary adhered to certain standards in the production and consumption of figurines, the artefacts’ makers and users were also allowed a degree of freedom of expression within their adherence to these standards.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Aspects of mobility between Crete and the Southeast Aegean in the Middle Bronze Age: the new evidence from the Heraion of Samos | 
                                            Ουρανία  Κουκά                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/690</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2019 06:53:19 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/690</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The Aegean area has represented since at least the Upper Palaeolithic the most vital theatre of mobility in the Eastern Mediterranean. The motivation, the direction and the scale of mobility has led scholarship to define limited or more extensive land or sea trade networks and changing spheres of interaction in the Aegean in particular from the late 5th through the 2nd mill. BC. Contacts between Crete and the East Aegean / Western Anatolia cannot so far be traced before the Early Minoan II (EM), as finds from Liman Tepe V and Miletus II indicate. Increased interaction is registered at the end of the Middle Bronze Age (MB) with the erection of the New Palaces in Minoan Crete.
Recent excavations at the Heraion of Samos have revealed for the first time a flourishing, strongly fortified MB settlement with evolved political, economic and social structures, which interacted with Mainland Greece, the Cyclades and the Old Palaces of Crete. In this paper, Minoan imported pottery and small finds as well as pottery of Minoan inspiration will be discussed within their Samian context in order to clarify the scale and the value of interaction between Crete and the Southeast Aegean during the Old Palace period.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Τα Καπετανιανά του Γ. Γρ. Σταματάκη: Οι μετασχηματισμοί του τόπου και των ιθαγενών μέσα από την ανάπτυξη πρωτότυπων κοινωνικών σχέσεων και επιδράσεων από τους «μακρινούς Άλλους» | 
                                            Αγγελική Ν. Ζαχαράτου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/686</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jul 2019 07:49:13 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/686</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

In this paper we examine a series of stories entitled “Letter from Kapetaniana”, in the magazine Cretan Panorama, written by Giorgos Stamatakis. The stories are about a geographic region of Crete, the village of Kapetaniana in the Asterousia Mts, in the 1970s, where an important shift of groups and people that settled in this remote, isolated and homogeneous community obliged the locals to protect their difference, their individuality and the uniqueness of their home against an unexpected set of incidents provoked by the newcomers, that would inevitably overthrow communal life. However, the local people, with a “deeply sincere humanity and a natural solidarity” towards the distant “others”, would try to bridge the remains of their tradition and the customs and manners of the strangers, as a starting point for the future interaction of populations at the end of the last century.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Στοιχεία που αφορούν τη χρήση του ξύλου στο ανάκτορο της Κνωσού, όπως επιβιώνουν στον χρόνο και τεκμηριώνονται από τις αναστηλωτικές επεμβάσεις | 
                                            Ελισάβετ Μ. Καβουλάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/683</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jul 2019 06:42:53 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/683</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF WOOD AS ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE IN THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS, THROUGH THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE RESTORATION WORKS
The distinctive rubble wall reinforcement system, based on the use of wooden beams, during the Neopalatial period was replicated by Sir A. Evans and his collaborators in all the reconstructed areas of the palace of Knossos. This replication was in accordance with the data collected and documented during the excavation of the monument. 
Generally, the use of wood in the restoration of the palace by Sir A. Evans was not by imitating the ancient material, but through an interpretative rendition of its use. The excavator of the palace did not want to imitate the past but to give the elements of the original construction. At the same time, he wanted the restoration to be distinct, making a clear separation between the ancient materials and the new.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Οι εξισλαμισμοί στην περιοχή του Χάνδακα κατά το β&#039; μισό του 17ου αιώνα | 
                                            Στέλιος Παρλαμάς                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/680</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jul 2019 13:45:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/680</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
CONVERSION TO ISLAM IN THE REGION OF CANDIA DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY 
Conversion to Islam in the region of Candia during the years of the Cretan War and the period after the surrender of the city is a remarkable field of historical research because it refers to a “movement” not only from one religious identity to another but also from one religious community to another and from one tax regime to the other. The purpose of the announcement is the study of conversion to Islam in the region of Candia, focusing on the social and economic mobility of the local people. Τhe role of Islam in the formation of the Muslim community will be highlighted and the issue of the geographical origin of the converts examined. 
In the first part of the annoucement I focus on the main features of the religious “movement” according to Islamic law and I refer to the steps in the process to be followed by the convert. 
In the second part of the annoucement I briefly analyze the factors of the social and economic mobility of non-Muslims and the reasons that motivated the local community. In the third part of the annoucement I focus on the historical sources where we can find a limited number of conversions to Islam.These records give us valuable information on the religious, socio-economic and geographical origin of the converts. Within this context, I will also analyze the issue of social inclusion: in what way and to what extent could the new Muslims participate in and contribute to the functioning of their new community.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Μετακινήσεις σκλάβων, κουρσάρων, πειρατών | 
                                            Ευγενία  Τσατσάκη,                                             Εμμανουήλ Γιαχνάκης,                                             Νικόλαος  Κουνάδης,                                             Κατερίνα  Μανωλούκου,                                             Ειρήνη  Φουκαράκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/677</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jul 2019 13:22:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/677</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
In this paper are investigated the movements of corsairs, pirates and slaves centered around Crete with the help of archival sources, both published and unpublished. The Venetians and the Ottomans left behind “traces of history” which allow us to study the past from primary sources. At the same time, the limits of freedom as a personal status are examined and the plunder is sought as a social experience, since the tactics of the corsairs were not eliminated from the island during the periods of either Venetian or Ottoman rule. 
During the investigation of the sources, a network for the search and repatriation of missing persons kidnapped during the pirate attacks was identified. A network with many, unexpected and suspected extensions, much wider than presented here due to the time and space limitations. Pirates, ordinary citizens, noblemen, even the Venetian state itself, formed these networks and conspired with the people acting as partners to the business of pirating and organizing the slavers in Crete. In addition, the geopolitical and geostrategic significance of piracy is investigated and proved, as is the continuation of piracy through time until the end of the 19th century.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Χαμαλεύρι Ρεθύμνου: H χωρική μετακίνηση, ένδειξη κοινωνικού μετασχηματισμού της μινωικής εγκατάστασης; | 
                                            Ελένη  Παπαδοπούλου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/669</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jul 2019 06:37:45 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/669</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The Minoan habitation was gradually excavated by the 25th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, during the period 1991-2011 in the Stavromenos-Hamalevri area, east of the city of Rethymno, and constituted a long-lasting settlement. In the context of these investigations, and on the basis of the current data, it is noted that the Minoan settlement arose mainly on the two low fertile hills, “Kakavella” and “Tsikouriana”. Clear indications of inhabitation, albeit limited, are also found in the area along the coastal zone of Stavromenos. 
Extensive one-storey and two-storey buildings with elaborate architecture and construction innovations, workshop facilities, ceremonial pits and rubbish dumps have gradually come to light on the two hills. Their use extended from at least the EM III / MM I period up / until to LM IIIC. The interest lies in the fact that three clear successive shifts in time and space took place at the Hamalevri settlement. As a result of this movement, certain Minoan dwellings were erected and developed at different locations. 
The general principles governing the change of settlement sites suggest conscious and organized choices, the symbolic dimensions of which may reflect perceptions and strategies which social groups develop between past and present and between current aims and ancestral prestige. As such, a very interesting field of research is emerging. Clearly, and as evidenced by this preliminary study of Hamalevri, it concerns the social practices of the residential space and the natural environment. 
These practices depend on the configuration of living and action conditions, always within the context of historical-cultural coordinates and circumstances during prehistoric times.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Οφιολιθικά πετρώματα στη μινωική Κρήτη. Χαρακτηρισμός μέσω φασματοσκοπίας Raman, προέλευση και ανίχνευση δικτύων διακίνησής τους​​ | 
                                            Ιωάννης  Γραμματικάκης,                                             Κωνσταντίνος  Δημάδης,                                             Ευάγγελος  Κυριακίδης,                                             Aurelio Cabeza  Diaz                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/666</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jul 2019 08:24:04 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/666</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The present study is part of a greater project whose primary objective is the analysis and characterization of the raw materials used for the construction of architectural elements and artifacts made out of ophiolitic rocks, and more precisely serpentinite, during the Minoan period. In parallel, through the examination of specimens from all the serpentinite outcrops of Crete and the comparison of the analytical results with those acquired from the archaeological objects, a better understanding of the trade networks throughout the Minoan period will be gained. Despite the fact that the analysis of the geological specimens is carried out through the application of several physicochemical techniques, the mineralogical characterization of the archaeological objects is achieved through the sole application of non-destructive and non-invasive Raman spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the targeted use of this technique is a common ground for the analysis of both geological specimens and objects of archaeological value. This has made it possible to create an innovative data base consisting of analytical and spatial data from both categories of object. Within the concept of the present work, two examples from the Knossos area are presented: the stone drain from the “House of the High Priest” and the column base located in the “court of the stone spout” in the Palace of Knossos.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    ​Ενδοαστικές μετακινήσεις και μεταβολές του αστικού χώρου στο μεταπολεμικό Ηράκλειο | 
                                            Μαρία  Καλογεράκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/660</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jul 2019 07:58:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/660</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The proposal concerns the postwar urban sprawl of Heraklion through transactions in the period 1945-1960 involving property inside and outside the walls of Heraklion. The expansion of the urban city limits is investigated as a result of the tendency of citizens to invest in real estate in areas outside the walls, mainly from the 1950s onwards, with a deeper desire to settle in a more comfortable space and with subsequent final movement of citizens to new areas, thereby increasing the postwar urban area of Heraklion.
The paper refers to the period from 1945, the first year after the liberation of the city of Heraklion from German occupation, until the early 1960s, accompanied by a comparative study of the temporal phases from 1945 to 1950 and from 1951 to 1960. From this it emerges that gradually, within the first period, the perception of the urban installation sites changed, resulting in the creation of new residential areas in the second phase, beyond the Venetian walls of the city, which had delimited urban Heraklion until the Second World War.
The tendency for citizens to settle in new areas beyond the walls defined and legitimized both master plans of 1936 and 1958. The first included in the city plan some of the areas outside the walls which had already started to be inhabited by the interwar period, while the 1958 master plan included still more areas outside the walls, where citizens already living in Heraklion had begun to invest from the early 1950s onwards.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Στα «άκρα»: η ανθρώπινη κινητικότητα στις ακρώρειες και τα σπήλαια της Κρήτης κατά την Εποχή του Χαλκού | 
                                            Δημήτρης Α. Σφακιανάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/657</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jul 2019 09:08:22 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/657</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
TO THE &quot;AKRA&quot; (EDGES): HUMAN MOBILITY IN BRONZE AGE MOUNTAIN-HEADS AND CAVES OF CRETE
The features of the natural relief of extreme rural sites, either surface places (mountain-heads) or underground ones (caves), selected in the decisive centuries that led to the consolidation of the palatial system in Minoan Crete, greatly affect human mobility. Spatial capacity, dynamic slope inclination, gaps and chasms seem to have not only determined site selection, but also interacted in ritual formation in these remote places. Gradual centralization of a certain priesthood in consolidating a ritual praxis on these sites during the Middle Minoan centuries should have brought significant changes in the accessibility to individual spots of these sanctuaries – not only in physical accessibility, but also in visual, acoustic, even tactile accessibility. This paper attempts to delineate some general observations on the individual places of the broader field of mountain-heads and caves as they are deduced from comparative data of the known peak sanctuaries and sacred caves during this period. 

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Οι Αιγινήτες και η σύγκρουση Κυδωνιατών και Πολιχνιτών | 
                                            Μανόλης Ι. Στεφανάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/653</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 2019 07:24:51 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/653</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Examining the relationship between the Aeginetans and Kydonia and the role of the former in the shaping of the political and economic situation in Western Crete, and considering Cross’s (2011) theory on the relationship between Lachania and Kydonia and Sekunda’s (2000) theory on the Federation of the Polichnitans as a union of small hinterland communities inhabited by indigenous Kydones, the paper attempts: a) to identify the site at Kastelos, Varypetro, 8 km south-southwest of Chania (ancient Kydonia) as the administrative center of the Federation of the Polichnitans, and b) to explain the conflict between Kydonia and the Polichnitans as the result of political and ethnic disputes between the Kydonians and the Polichnitans/Kydones as well as a conflict of financial interest between Kydonia and Gortyna with respect to the mountainous hinterland of western Crete and trade routes to the Libyan Sea.


                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Exotic raw materials in Early Minoan Crete: cetaceous ivory and amber. A connection with the Iberian Peninsula? | 
                                            José Miguel Morillo León                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/649</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2019 07:48:38 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/649</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The study of prestige materials is one of the best approaches to obtain information on different aspects of a society, such as internal complexity or, due to the exoticism of many materials, the external relations and mobility of groups. Of those high-value materials, ivory is especially useful due to its restricted provenance and its availability to characterize its source relatively easily, both visually and by spectrometric techniques. 
Ivory from the Early Minoan period has been mainly identified as hippopotamus ivory, the product of trade with the Syrian area or Egypt. Our recent investigation of 35 ivory seals from the Early Minoan tholoi shows that ivory supply was less homogeneous than previously thought. Four of the seals, from Ayia Triada and Archanes, have been identified as cetaceous ivory, while one amber seal from the tholos of Platanos has also been identified.
During the same period (3rd millennium B.C.), the use of cetaceous ivory is only identified in the Iberian Peninsula, where it is possible to identify the presence of similar typologies, such as the anthropomorphic folded-arm figurines and the important number of tholoi present in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. These typologies, together with the sharing of the same prestige material supplier, support the existence of long-range contact around the Mediterranean World at this early date.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Οι οικίες των Θυσιασθέντων Βοών και Πεσμένων Ογκολίθων στην Κνωσό: Νέα στοιχεία από τη μελέτη κεραμικού υλικού | 
                                            Ηρώ Μαθιουδάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/646</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2019 07:24:35 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/646</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
This contribution focuses on the study of the pottery assemblage found in the space occupied by the Houses of the Fallen Blocks and the Sacrificed Oxen in the southeast corner of the Palace of Knossos. This deposit was crucial for Evans’s definition of the ‘Great Earthquake’, because together with the fallen blocks it was considered the consequence of a massive destruction. The deposit standing for this event played a de facto role in the definition of the New Palace era from the very beginning and, in this respect, is very important for the history of the palace of Knossos. There is no sign of stratification above the floor levels of the houses, with the material usually interpreted as a post-destruction fill. The abundance of the ceramic material and the unique repertory of the forms prompted Evans to call this deposit a storehouse of MM III domestic pottery. The large quantities of pottery from these Houses provide a fuller picture of what types and styles were prevalent in MM IIIA, given that we do not have many published deposits from the palace or town of Knossos. 

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Revising the dress code of the “Goddess” from the Procession Fresco at the Palace of Knossos | 
                                            Τίνα Μπολώτη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/643</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2019 07:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/643</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Flanked by two antithetical groups of men in procession, the prominent standing female figure in the LM II/III A1 Procession Fresco from the palace of Knossos was identified by Arthur Evans as the “Minoan Goddess”. Thus, he restored her, despite her very fragmentary state, as dressed in a flounced skirt in combination with tight bodice and polos headdress, and with double axes in her upraised hands. A first modification of her attire was first proposed in 1987 by Christos Boulotis: instead of long wavy bands descending free from her head and shoulders, as Evans believed, he recognized the end of a long fringed piece of cloth offered to her by the men approaching on her left. In the present contribution I focus on the reexamination of her garment, of which only the three richly decorated lower border zones have been preserved. The light shed on this by recent cleaning of the fresco simultaneously raised some enigmatic sartorial issues. In view of its close affinities with the LH IIIB “priestess” (Lang 1969, 50 H nws) from the palace of Pylos in particular, whose fragmentary long robe attests the combination of decorative lower border zones with a vertical frontal band, 
I propose here a similar garment for the Knossian “Goddess” too. My proposal is essentially based on (a) contemporary Cretan fresco evidence (the Procession Fresco itself, the Hagia Triada sarcophagus and related compositions) as well as on the LH II signet ring CMS I, no. 179 from Tiryns and LH IIIB fresco parallels from the Mycenaean palatial centers – which clearly document this specific type of robe, as appropriate to deities, members of the priesthood (females and males) and to elite individuals in general; and (b) the fact that richly decorated lower border zones are not compatible with the flounced skirt in Aegean iconography. Given the appearance and diffusion of the long robe with vertical frontal band and lower border zones in Crete during the Mycenaean dominance of the island, its origin on the Greek Mainland, regardless of the degree to which that might have been due to Minoan influence, seems very plausible. In this respect, the fact that the Tiryns signet ring predates the related Cretan fresco evidence might be decisive in giving the Mainland priority.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Κρητική μουσική και ροές κινητικότητας: από τη μετανάστευση στη μεταφόρτωση | 
                                            Νίκος Πουλάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/37/640</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:17:13 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/37/640</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
This essay focuses on (neo) traditional Cretan music as a phenomenon of diffusion, interaction and various influences, following a continuous mobility of persons and cultural forms. It examines the flows of goods, services and practices relating to the exchanges, travels and passages of tangible and intangible forms of Cretan culture, with special emphasis on music and dance. From a methodological point of view, the paper adopts an up-to-date perspective based on the scientific paradigms of both ethnomusicology and anthropology of music, as well as those of the life-history approach and network theory. This scholarly approach, placed in the context of the presentation of a modern museum in Western Crete, highlights the particularities of the local community. Finally, the paper addresses the issue of sustainability and promotion of cultural heritage through the encounter of earlier and contemporary aspects of Cretan music and dance culture, on the occasion of the creation of this innovative museum, namely the Museum of Cretan Musicians.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Εργαστήριο πορφύρας στην πόλη των Χανίων | 
                                            Αγγελική  Τσίγκου                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/637</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:05:25 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/637</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

In 2002, on G. Goniotakis plot, on the northwest side of the city of Chania, a purple dye workshop was revealed. The workshop, which is visible today in the basement of a building, includes two circular ovens. At the center of each oven there is a large cylindrical stone on which metal vats were placed to heat up the dye. East of the ovens was a large roofed outdoor room in which four vessels were found. The ceramics date the use of the workshop from the the mid-1st to the mid-2nd c. A.D. The workshop also contained a large tank on the northeast, an aqueduct and a well filled in with crushed and whole muricidae shells, mainly Murex trunculus. Shells of other species were also found, such as Buccinulum corneum, Monodonta turbinata, Cerithium vulgatum and Fasciolaria lignaria.
Purple dye, considered to be of Syro-Phoenician origin, was an extremely high-quality product and its production had great economic importance for a city. Our knowledge of the tools and methods used by the ancient dyers is limited, as the production of purple dye and dyeing of fabrics was the work of trustworthy and discreet people who kept their techniques secret.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Έρευνα για την προέλευση των δομικών και διακοσμητικών υλικών του ενετικού επιθαλάσσιου φρουρίου (Κούλε) | 
                                            Στέλιος  Μανωλιούδης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/633</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2019 12:38:51 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/633</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

Crete has always been and is still located at the crossroads of ancient sea-ways of the Mediterranean. The general area around the port of Heraklion, from the mouth of the River Kairatos (Katsambas) to the bay of “Dermatas”, has always been at the center of conflict between various peoples and civilizations. The entrance of the ancient Greek and Venetian port is dominated by the impressive Fortress of the Sea, Rocca al Mare or Castello al Mare, later named Koules. It was built in the 16th c., in the place of a Hellenistic-Byzantine tower, in order to protect the commercial port of strategic importance and the imposing fortified enceinte around Chandax (Heraklion) from the impending Οttoman menace. Its construction, which lasted for 17 years, required enormous amounts of money. The fact, however, that magnifies its historical value is that its building materials have carried the city’s memories through the centuries, form the time it served as a seaport for Minoan Cnossos to the Hellenistic Heraklion, the Venetian Candia and the Ottoman Megalo Kastro (“Great Fort”). This presentation unravels the history of the sea fort’s structural materials and seeks both their origin and their history. The islet of Dia, across the bay of Heraklion, was the source of the necessary raw materials used in the construction of the foundation islet of the sea fort, possibly in two separate historical eras. The materials used for the construction of the fort itself were, to a large extent, used for the second (or third) time and had been removed from already existing structures in nearby areas.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    The “Knossos Effect”: Golden Signets as Visual Markers of Social Dependencies in the Aegean Bronze Age | 
                                            Nadine  Becker                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/630</link>
                <pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2019 11:33:54 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/630</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
When Malcolm Wiener stated in his article that “jewelry above all is subject to the dictates of style and to the Versailles effect” (Wiener 1984, 24), he referred to the “Versailles effect” as an effect “most likely to occur where the cultural prestige of one society within an interconnecting set of societies is great” (Wiener 1984, 17). He pointed out that besides pottery ‒ frequently used for tracing movements of goods or even groups of people ‒ jewelry too has a high potential to illustrate intercultural patterns of commercial, political or ideological exchange. In doing so the “Versailles effect” does not implicate the simple imitation of the material culture of another, (dominant) culture by force or political /military domination, but rather describes a voluntary adaption to this culture, mostly expressed through art forms as well as pottery styles, architectural features or even technological inventions (Wiener 2016, 1-2). In this paper the focus will be laid on a quite similar effect here called the “Knossos effect”, made visible by an examination of distribution patterns of golden signets and their chronology. The term is a reference to Wiener’s term and is used here to describe a similar phenomenon “spreading” from the palace of Knossos in LM IA Crete.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Σωστική ανασκαφική έρευνα στη θέση «Κερά» Καλυβών, Δήμου Αποκορώνου Χανίων | 
                                            Μιχάλης  Μιλιδάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/627</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2019 11:09:06 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/627</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
In 2015, at the site of Kera Kalyves in the province of Apokoronas, a rescue excavation conducted by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Chania revealed part of a Minoan cemetery and 95 “ceremonial” pits. Based on the offerings of the two pithos burials, the first use of the place was probably in the LM II period. Two chamber tombs, dated to LM IIIA2-B phase by their context, came to light. 

The pits, circular or elliptical in plan, varied in shape and depth. They were filled with pottery, animal bones, pebbles, ash and stones. Their pottery assemblage, mostly cooking and table ware, is dated in the LMIII B-C period. It is possible that they had a ritual function and were used for the disposal of remains of communal meals (memorial ceremonies) in a single depositional action. 

A wall, a zig-zag structure and two elongated ditches, both rock cut, have been found on the site. Residential traces have not yet been found.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η κρητική Μονή Βαλσαμόνερου. Πολιτισμικές ανταλλαγές μεταξύ Βυζαντίου και Δύσης στον ύστερο Μεσαίωνα (Προκαταρκτική έκθεση) | 
                                            Χρύσα  Ρανουτσάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/624</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2019 13:56:18 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/624</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
THE CRETAN MONASTERY OF BALSAMONERO. CULTURAL EXCHANGES BETWEEN BYZANTIUM AND THE WEST IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES. A PRELIMINARY REPORT
As an important centre of studies with verifiable building activities and murals of outstanding quality dating from the 14th and 15th centuries, the Cretan Hagios Phanourios-Monastery of Balsamonero is a key historical monument for recognizing mutual critical reflection and active exchange between Byzantine and neighbouring cultures.
The essay at hand addresses the appropriate methods of research for the murals, which have survived in all four spaces of the complex. The pictorial programme in the three aisles and in the narthex of the monastery, as well as the relationship of the visual themes to each other, are critically analysed and interpreted. Additionally, the ideological and spiritual background of the patrons and monks in the period of denominational differences as well as in the later era of intercultural relationships between Cretans and Venetians is revealed, and the question of the ideational influences to which the artists working in the monastery were subject is followed.
Research on the pictorial material and an iconological discussion of it promise manifold and sustainable results; they form part of a comprehensive interdisciplinary research project which is in the initial phase. Its realization will contribute to a better understanding of cultural intercourse and conflict in the Mediterranean area.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η εγκατάσταση των Μικρασιατών προσφύγων στο Ηράκλειο και η ανοικοδόμηση του ναού του Αγ. Νικολάου Νέας Αλικαρνασσού | 
                                            Εμμανουήλ  Χαλκιαδάκης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/621</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2019 12:51:40 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/621</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ASIA MINOR REFUGEES IN HERAKLION AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ST. NICOLAUS CHURCH IN NEW HALICARNASSUS
This paper examines the forced movement and settlement of the Asia Minor refugees in Crete, specifically in Heraklion, after the Asia Minor Disaster of 1922. It also refers to the construction of St. Nicolaus Church in the new refugee settlement, on the east of the old town of Heraklion, which was named New Halicarnassus due to the place of origin of the majority of the refugees (Bodrum ‒ Halicarnassus in Asia Minor). The Church is a benchmark of the history of New Halicarnassus. In this paper, the arrival of the refugees in Heraklion is studied, together with their living conditions and their needs, the construction of the New Halicarnassus settlement and, most of all, the building of the temporary and the permanent church of St. Nicolaus, which was named after the protector saint of Bodrum and built by personal work by the refugees, donations, funds and charity events.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Συνέχειες, ασυνέχειες και μεταβολές στην κατοίκηση των πόλεων της κεντρικής Κρήτης κατά την περίοδο μετάβασης από την ύστερη αρχαιότητα στους μέσους βυζαντινούς χρόνους. Τα τεκμήρια της νεότερης αρχαιολογικής έρευνας | 
                                            Βασιλική  Συθιακάκη,                                             Μαρία  Μαρή                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/618</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2019 09:39:34 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/618</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Recent archaeological research and cross-examination of older excavation data have begun to shed light on the historical period between late antiquity and the 9th c. that was once called “the Dark Ages of Byzantium”. Crete, which up to the 9th c. remained free of enemy invasions, offers a unique opportunity for the study of urban development during the pre-medieval period. Until recently this field remained unexploited due to the dominant perception that the island was a remote area of the Byzantine Empire, rather cut off by developments, an argument now overturned by the evidence of the recent archeological investigation. Ongoing excavations in the ancient cities of Central Crete, such as Gortys, Leben, Matala, Knossos, Heraklion, Chersonesos and Inatos, prove the continuity of habitation and the flourishing of those cities, at least until the end of the 8th c. Even before the Arab invasion, the decline of trade due to raids, plague, famine and the devastation by the earthquake of 795 led to the abandonment of the ancient cities and to people seeking refuge into the small fortresses built on the nearby hills or reconstructed Hellenistic acropoleis. Only the major ports of Heraklion, Kydonia and Ierapetra survived, well protected by their large city walls. When the Arabs landed on the south coast in 823 or 826, they faced small fortified installations based on agriculture for their survival. They settled in the fortified cities of Heraklion and Kydonia, were they engaged in piracy and trade, paying no interest to the agricultural hinterland except for taxation.


                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Ιστορική πολεοδομική εξέλιξη του λόφου «Καστέλλι» Χανίων | 
                                            Ειρήνη Βλαζάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/614</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2019 08:00:24 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/614</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    

The ‘Kastelli’ hill was the acropolis of every settlement that arose on the site of the modern city, because of its geomorphology and its strategic location next to a natural harbor. The large plain in the north and the numerous nearby streams and rivers are the main reasons for the efflorescence of important civilizations for thousands of years in this specific area of the island.
Today, an increasing amount of historic data is coming to light every day, due to the systematic and rescue excavations of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Chania. Gathering all the information and comparing the evidence of all the settlements on the hill, it is verified that life begins in Neolithic times and continues down to the present.
The first step was to place all the information in a common database and create a map with all the evidence found over the last decades. Having analyzed all the radical incidences, interventions and decisions that formed the current image of the city and the hill, there can be an integrated comprehension of the historic palimpsest of the archaeological remains.
For example, the urban plan is similar in the prehistoric and historic periods, having a difference of almost 45 degrees from the Venetian plan, which is the same as the current one. There is also great interest in the development of the land uses on the Kastelli hill and on the existence of fortifications on the perimeter, which occasionally separated the acropolis from the city or enclosed the entire settlement.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Where did the Mesara-type tombs travel from? | 
                                            Lucy Goodison                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/608</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2019 12:04:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/608</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The excavation of two new very early Mesara-type tombs, Mesorrachi and Livari, atypically located in north-east and south-east Crete respectively, has called for a revision of previous theories about the tombs’ origin. Past studies have used grave goods to measure Cycladic influence; debate continues as to whether such objects reflect interaction/trade in prestige items, or immigration. In contrast, tomb construction is a long-term labour-intensive project embodying beliefs about life and death, and as such it will reflect the strength of tradition that has taken root in situ. Easterly alignment of tomb entrances to face the dawn has long been recognised as a distinctive and significant feature of the tombs’ construction. The sun rises at a range of positions during the year from 60° at midsummer to 120° at midwinter, and a study of the orientation of the Mesara-type tomb entrances identified recurring patterns of alignment to sunrise at specific times in spring and autumn when the first light would, over a period of a few days, briefly enter through the low tomb doorway to illuminate the interior. At the same time it was possible to identify groups of exceptions with unusual alignment patterns. The same tombs also shared certain elements of geographical location, construction and contents suggesting groups of immigrants bringing off-island ideas and culture; in some cases there are specific Cycladic links. It is suggested that Cycladic input should be reconsidered as one of the many strands of influence from various sources that contributed to the development of the phenomenon that became the Mesara-type tombs.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Where is the gap? Of the EM III-MM IA period in East Crete | 
                                            Matej Pavlacky                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/602</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2019 11:10:52 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/32/602</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
It has long been argued whether the EM III-MM IA period exists in East Crete and how it should be defined. There have been attempts to resolve the issue using ceramic material and/or stratigraphy; however, this issue has never been fully resolved.
The EM III-MM IA period is now viewed as a time of major growth that gradually increases in complexity through MM I (Schoep 2006; Schoep et al. 2012) and is often explained through ideological and peaceful influence of elites on communities. There is also evidence for major urban and rural growth (Whitelaw 2012).
Despite the data from regional surveys confirming the increased number of sites in East Crete, the gradual growth of sites can only be seen up until EM IIB. The increase of sites in EM III is rather rapid and cannot be explained only by natural generation growth.
This paper examines and – where possible – provides answers to the two main questions, i.e. how to look at the EM III-MM IA period from the perspective of ceramics and stratigraphy at Priniatikos Pyrgos, and what is the background of the decline of Priniatikos Pyrgos after EM III-MM IA.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Παρατηρήσεις στα Μεσοβυζαντινά Λουτρά της Ανατολικής Κρήτης | 
                                            Ναταλία  Πούλου,                                             Αναστάσιος  Τάντσης                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/599</link>
                <pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2019 07:58:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/33/599</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
Eastern Crete is a place where recent archaeology has strengthened the sense of continuity from the late Roman to the medieval period. This has been especially evident from excavation data at several sites mainly along the northern shore. 
An archaeological excavation carried out in Mochlos, Siteia by a team from the School of History and Archaeology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki has uncovered an extensive water-management building complex consisting of two cross-vaulted bath-houses and a large vaulted cistern. The finds so far, together with the investigation of the buildings and their construction technique, point to a date in the transitional Byzantine period. The buildings’ cross-vaulted typology links them, on the other hand, to three other examples of medieval bath-houses that were later converted into churches. It seems that the cross-vaulted shape was applied to the bath-houses due to functional issues, but this feature rendered them easy to adapt to another use where the same shape acquires an added symbolism. Examining these buildings together helps clarify certain issues regarding their history as a group. It seems that they were all constructed in the early Middle Byzantine period (after the 7th c.). The conversion of the three into churches most probably dates from the 13th c. on. This is further corroborated by the details of their masonry, which includes brickwork characteristic of the Late Byzantine period.
The idea that secular and sacred architecture share more characteristics than is usually supposed comes as a natural conclusion of our enquiry.
                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Τhe Immured Vessels in Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Churches of Greece Research Programme: objectives and preliminary results from Crete | 
                                            Αναστασία Γιαγκάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/590</link>
                <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2019 08:18:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/36/590</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The study presents the preliminary observations from the “Immured vessels in Byzantine and Post-Byzantine churches of Greece” research programme with a focus on immured vessels in churches on Crete. It refers to the areas where this practice is most widespread, to the most common patterns in which the vessels are placed on church façades, and to the different categories of glazed wares used as bacini. Particular interest is paid to the reasons why bacini are used and to the importance of their study, not only for this particular aspect of the material culture of Crete, but also for the additional information they provide about the monuments they adorn.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    Η «κρητικότητα» της ταυτότητας στους Τουρκοκρητικούς του Bodrum: Ο ρόλος των τραγουδιών | 
                                            Ελένη Ψαραδάκη                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/587</link>
                <pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2019 06:37:03 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/38/34/587</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
The paper focuses on data of Cretan Turks living in Bodrum (Αλικαρνασσό), a maritime city of Turkey opposite the Greek island of Kos. The case study provides us with assorted conclusions but the present article focuses on the memories related to music and analyzes the sort of songs that the Cretan Turks recall in different situations. 
More specifically, we are interested in the social identity of this social group and the way it appears in its present form through different age groups and generations. As Cretan Turks called this identity “Cretan” (“κρητική”), we have researched when and how they use it. An important confirmation is that these people choose to talk about an invented identity which is associated with the past and the event of the Population Exchange of their ancestors.
Concerning the songs Cretan Turks remember, we understand that they are a blend of linguistic elements of Crete in the early 20th century, which have been transferred from their ancestors, and musical motifs, which have been added over the years, coming from the Greek islands.
Finally, in the case study of Cretan Turks, there is a collective memory consisting of ideas and images produced in the present, and as a result, this memory is composed not only of memories but also of new elements. Consequently, the announcement focuses not only on similarities in the Cretan identity of the two places (Crete and Bodrum), but also on the way they have been transformed by adding new, modern elements. In fact, it is an attempt to highlight some aspects of the invented traditions, such that of the Cretan Turks of Bodrum, who insist on defining themselves as “Cretans”.

                ]]></description>
            </item>
                    <item>
                <title>
                    La ceramica protogeometrica della necropoli di Siderospilia. Osservazioni preliminari | 
                                            Giacomo Biondi                                    </title>
                <link>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/584</link>
                <pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2019 07:05:00 +0000</pubDate>
                <author>12iccs@ekim.gr (12 ICCS Proceedings)</author>
                <guid>https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/584</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[
                    
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROTOGEOMETRIC POTTERY OF THE SIDEROSPILIA NECROPOLIS (PRINIAS)
The necropolis of Siderospilia of Prinias and those of the Knossos area are the greatest Early Iron Age necropoleis excavated in central Crete. A preliminary examination of the grave goods found in the first of these allowed us to identify the tombs used in Protogeometric times and to give a first “physiognomy” to the contemporary ceramic style, previously known, in this area, by sporadic findings only.
The ceramics of Siderospilia continue, in parallel with the Knossian ones, the legacy of the TM IIIC and, at the same time, independently from the Knossos area, re-elaborate decorative motifs and suggestions coming from outside the island, especially from Cyprus. Among the imports, the showiest is a rare Attic Late Protogeometric krater (1000-900 BC), which is the only one so far found in in a necropolis of Crete (a small imported fragment was found in the urban area of Knossos) and the southernmost exported specimen in the Aegean Sea. The recipients of this and other valuable imported metal products must have been the members of wealthy local aristocracies. Finally, it seems that the anonymous site on the Patela hill, thanks also to its privileged position on the route connecting the northern and the southern coasts of the island, attracted goods and ideas from various parts of the Mediterranean basin, and that its role as mediator of external stimuli was not secondary.
                ]]></description>
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